vian, (see VI).—2. The Western, Teutonic or German. The people belonging to this Teuto branch, made great conquests, having more or less influence, not only in Asia and as far souths Egypt, but over the middle and south of Europe, and the north-west of Africa, as denoted on Map by 111111, .-., made more distinct by a thin line of lake colour. The modern German Dialects in Europe are now confined to the countriesk tinted lake. They are separated into tw divisions, the Low and the High German. The LOW-German, in the flat, low, or northern pa of Germany, comprehends the dialects of Courland, Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, Meckla burg, Hanover, Westphalia, Gelderland, Overyssel, Flanders, Holland, (the Dutch) Frieslan England, Holstein, and Sleswick (See in Map north of :::=:::= left white in the midst of lake). En lish with its parent, the Anglo-Saxon, was introduced from Sleswick into Britain by the Juts Saxons, and Angles.

The JUTES (Iotas) were from Jutland, and occupied the territory in England denoted on the Map by 1. The SAXONS (Seaxe), a confederacy of nations on the Elbe and Eyder, emigrated to England, and were located in the south and west (See Map 2, 3, and 4). The Saxons, left on the Elbe and Eyder, were denominated Old-Saxons, and those in Britain, consisting of Angles and Saxons with some Jutes, were called Anglo-Saxons.-The ANGLES (Engle), were from Anglen, the south-east of Denmark, and had very extensive possessions in the west and north (See Map 5, 6, i, and 8). The majority of settlers in Britain, being Angles, their territory received the name of Engla land the Angles' or Engles' land, contracted to England.-The HIGH-German Division is in the south or hilly part of Germany, including the Upper, or High-Saxon of Meissen, the Hessia a Francic (in Franconia), Rhinish, Alsacian, Bavarian, Silesian, Suabian, Alemannic, Austrian, Tyrolese, Swiss, and the Moeso-Gothic, the oldest specimen of German, preserved in the version of the Scriptures made by Ulphilas about A.D. 360. (See in Map south of :::=:::= left white.)

VI. The Scandinavian Dialects were spoken by the great northern branch of the Gothic or Germanic stock (See V.). The Scandinavians drove the Finns to the north (See II.) and entered into their possessions on the shores of the Baltic, in Norway, Sweden, &c. They, at various times, conquered the Countries and Islands inclosed by -.-.-.., rendered very clear by a fine stroke of dark orange. The Languages of Scandinavian origin are now chiefly confined to the countries tinted with dark orange, including the Icelandic, formed from the Old Danish (Danska túnga), the modern Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Greenlandish, Ferroe, Shetlandish, Orkneyan, and Lowland Scotch, spoken in their respective countries and islands.

VII. The Sclavonic Dialects, called also Slavic, or Sarmatian are spoken in Russia. They are separated into two great divisions. The Eastern division has the Russian, Old Sclavonian, Illyrian, Bulgarian, Servian, Bosnian, Dalmatian, Croatian, Carinthian, Carniolan, Stirian, and Eisenbergian;-and the Western has Bohemian, East Prussian, Polish, Upper and Lower Lusatian, and Wendish. These dialects now prevail in the parts shaded yellow.

VIII. Some languages cannot be classed with the Sanscrit, such as the Basque, Turkish, &c. Turkish is of Asiatic origin, and a branch of the great Tartar stock spread over the extensive and elevated regions of central Asia, east of the Caspian sea. Turkish is spoken throughout Turkey and Asia Minor.

An alphabetic list of places marked upon the Map with letters.

As one dialect often gradually melts into another, it is impossible to mark with precision where one terminates and another begins. So great has been the difficulty and uncertainty in delineating the widest range of nations and the extent of their dialects, that several times the attempt was almost relinquished. Though conscious of exposure to severe criticism, the plan has been carried into effect, only from the conviction that many will be glad to obtain, by a mere glance of the eye, that local information and approximation to clear description, which required much laborious research to discover, and great care to delineate, especially on a small map.

k A friend, Baron D'Ablaing van Giessenburg, who traversed the whole distance, gives the following as the western boundary of the German dialects; Calais, St. Omer, Cassel, Hazebrouk, Hall, Waterloo, Tirlemont, Landen, Warem, Daelhem, Walh.-Here Low-German is mixed with High-German.-At Malmedy, mixed with Walloon.-Limmerle in Luxemburg, Steinbach, Fauvillers in Belgium, Longuy and Heiseungen in France, Roselingen on the Orne, Metz, Bettendorf (Betlanville), Berlonhof (Berloncour), Falkenberg (Faulguemont), St. Quirin, Felleringen the source of the Moselle and Winkel near the Swiss frontiers.-This is only a brief outline of the accurate information, communicated in a letter from my friend. As the letter was received after the Map was engraved, this note is the only way in which the information can now be made available.

The italic and roman letters in this column refer to the localities on the Map.

+ The roman numerals refer to the parts, and the Arabic figures to the paragraphs of The Origin of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages, and the Preface to the A.-8. Dictionary.

TO

THE MOST REVEREND WILLIAM HOWLEY,

LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY:

TO THE RIGHT REVEREND JOHN KAYE,

LORD BISHOP OF LINCOLN: AND

TO THE RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS TURTON, LORD BISHOP OF ELY;

WITH THE GREATEST RESPECT,

AND

THE WARMEST GRATITUDE OF

JOSEPH BOSWORTH.

M137358

PREFACE.

LANGUAGE, philosophically considered, is not only a safe guide in tracing the origin and affinity of nations, but an important auxiliary in bearing its testimony to the truth of revelation. In the latter point of view, a clergyman cannot be out of his legitimate province, when investigating the origin and structure of languages.

A constant anxiety to be as correct as possible, has led not only to the examination of some of the most eminent treatises upon the languages and literature of the Gothic nations, but to the submitting of each article to the careful revision of one or more of the most learned men in each country. The sketch of the Dutch language and literature has been revised by Professor Siegenbeek, the Danish by Professor Rafn, and the Friesic written by the Rev. J. H. Halbertsma. The other articles have been corrected by men equally eminent, whose names would reflect honour upon the author, and give additional credit to his work, if he were permitted to record them. After all his care, the author is too conscious of his liability to err, in a work requiring so much investigation and so extended a course of reading, not to fear lest he should have failed in that accuracy which he has so much desired: wherever this is the case, the blame must be attributed to him, and not to his friends. This work was originally written as an introduction to the author's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, with a view of tracing the origin and progress of the Germanic languages, especially Old-Saxon and Anglo-Saxon, and of shewing their connexion with English; but as he considered it too long and uninteresting to appear in the whole impression, it was only prefixed to a part of it: a few copies, however, were printed in a separate form, with the title, "The Origin of the Germanic Languages, &c." chiefly for private distribution. Copies of the Dictionary, with this long preface, were so much preferred, that it was twice found necessary to revise and reprint the preface.-The copies printed in a separate form, being exhausted, the author was induced to add a chapter, on the origin of alphabetic writing in the east, and its gradual diffusion to the west, as collateral evidence of the oriental source of European population; and, after giving, in the conclusion, a brief summary of the whole work, to prepare it for publication with its present title. It was then partly reprinted, that it might be published at the time, and in illustration of his "Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary," in which he was engaged. Protracted indisposition, and failing sight, delayed the progress of the Compendious Dictionary for some years; and, of course, the appearance of this work. This delay renders it necessary to notice, in the following page, a few errors, and the chief works that have appeared in the interim. Though the book has again required much time and care, it is at last published, with a deep consciousness that it is still very imperfect.

9, Southampton Street,

Bloomsbury Square,

London, 1848.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS IN 1848.

P 10, 14.-See Welsford's Origin, &c. of the English Language. 8vo. 1845.

P 18, 46.-Ancient Laws and Institutes of England. 2 vols. 8vo. 1840. 30s. A-S. and English, commenced by Mr. Price, and finished by B. Thorpe, Esq.

P 18, 159.-The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Holy Gospels, by B. Thorpe, F.S.A. Post 8vo. 1842. 12s., reduced to 8s.

P 19, 33.-Cædmon may now be had by any F.S.A. of the Society for 6s.

P 19, 64.-A new Ed. with some account of Mrs. Elstob. 8vo. 1839. 6s.-The A.-S. text is in,-Principia Saxonica, by L. Langley, 12mo. 1838. 2s. 6d.

P 20, 20.-2nd Ed. of Kemble's Beowulf, with English and a valuable Glossary, 2 vols. small 8vo. 1835-1837. 30s.

P 20, 23.-Conybeare's A-S. Poetry may be had by any F.S.A. of the Society for 6s.

P 20, 23.-Registrum Wiltunense, Saxonicum et Latinum, ab anno regis Alfredi 892, ad annum 1045. Nunc demum notis illustraverunt J. Ingram, S. Turner, T. D. Fosbroke, T. Phillipps, Bart., R. C. Hoare, Bart. Fol. pp. 56, typis Nicholsianis, Londini, 1827.

P 20, 160.-A Guide to the Anglo-Saxon Tongue; a Gr. after Rask, with extracts in Prose and Verse, Notes, &c. by E. J. Vernon, B.A. Oxon. 12mo. London, 1846. 5s. 6d.

P 20, 163.-Altsächsische und Angelsächsische Sprachproben, von Heinrich Leo. 8vo. pp. 274. Halle, 1838.

P 21, 10.-A History of English Rhythms, by Edwin Guest, Esq. M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. 1838. This accurate work contains important remarks on A-S., and its Dialects, &c.

P 21, 56.-Lappenberg's A-S. Kings, by B. Thorpe, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1845. P 21, 158.-Messrs. Longman and Co. 1848, announce, The Saxons in England; a history of the Eng. Commonwealth to the Norman Conquest, by J. M. Kemble, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo. P 22, 141.-Now the Rev. J. Stevenson, of Durham.

P 24, 21.-Layamon's Brut, a Semi-Saxon paraphrase of Wace's Brut, with English Notes and Glossary, by Sir Frederic Madden. 3 vols. royal 8vo. 1847. 42s; to a F.S.A, 21s

P 24, 32, 34.-For I, read they shall. P25, 9, 10, 11, 13.-For waff, read waff129, for Cristeff, read Cristeff.

P 27, 55.-A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, obsolete phrases, proverbs, and ancient customs, from the 14th century, by J. O. Halliwell, Esq. F.R.S. &c. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1847. 42s. This important work contains more than 50,000 words, and embodies the substance of all preceding glossaries with much original matter.

&c. by the Rev. W. Barnes, 2nd ed. 12mo. London, 1848.-A Glossary of words and phrases used in Teesdale, Durham, by F. T. Dinsdale, LL.D. post 8vo. In the press.

P 20, 29.- Analecta. 2nd Ed. 1846. 12s. P 20, 34.-Codex Diplomaticus ævi Saxonici, opera J. M. Kemble. 6 vols. 8vo. 18381848.-Ritual of the Church of Durham, with an Interlinear Northumbro-Saxon Translation, circa A.D. 700. 8vo. Nichols and Son, London, 1840. 21s.-Popular Treatises on Science, in A-S., Anglo-Norman, and Engl. from MSS. by T. Wright, M.A., F.S.A. 8vo. 1841. P 27, 58.-An historical sketch of the -Codex Exoniensis: A collection of A-S. Poe- provincial Dialects of England, extracted from try, &c. with Eng. and notes by B. Thorpe, the preceding work, 8vo. 1847. 2s-Reliquiæ F.S.A. 8vo. 1842. 20s: supplied to any F.S.A. Antiquæ, 2 vols. 8vo. 1845. 24s.-A Glossary at 8s.-The Homilies of Elfric, with English of Wiltshire Provincial Words, &c. by J. by B. Thorpe, Esq. F.S.A. Parts I. to X. Yonge Akerman, Esq. F.S.A. 12mo. 1842. 3s. 1843-1846.-The Poetry of the Codex Ver--Poems in the Dorset dialect, with a glossary, cellensis, with English by J. M. Kemble, M.A. Part I. The Legend of St. Andrew. 1844.Andreas und Elene von J. Grimm, Cassel, 1840.-Anglo-Saxon Dialogues of Salomon and Saturn, by J. M. Kemble, M. A. Parts I. and II. 1845-1847.-The Departing Soul's Address to the Body: a Fragment of a SemiSaxon Poem, discovered and privately printed P 119, 47.-The second part of vol. II, conby Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., in 1838: Re-taining a Gothic Grammar, &c. written in Gerprinted with an English translation by S. W. man, and completing this excellent Ed. of Singer. 8vo. 1845. 2s. 6d.-The Anglo-Saxon Ulfilas, was published in 1846. Version of the Life of St. Guthlac; with a translation and notes by C. W. Goodwin, M.A. 12mo. 1847, 5s.-The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Hexameron of St. Basil, and the Saxon Remains of St. Basil's Admonitio ad filium spiritualem; with a translation and account of the author, by H. W. Norman, M.A. 8vo. 1848, 4s. P 20, 146.-For books containing a more complete List of A-S. Works, See my Compendious A-S. and English Dictionary, p. v.

P 20, 1 55.-Grimm's Deut. Gram. 3rd Ed. vol. I. 1840.

P 20, 56, GRAMMARS. Stæf-cræft: or Anglo-Saxon Gr. A-S. Extracts, and a Glossary for the use of the Academy at Ayr. 1823. pp. 16, by Mr. Ebenezer Thomson, for 26 years the highly esteemed Classical Master in Ayr Academy. An Anglo-Saxon Gr. and Derivatives, &c. by William Hunter. 8vo. pp. 80. London, Longman, 1832.

P 82, 14, 5.-See my Compendious A-S. and English Dictionary, p. v. § 10, 11. Eald-Seaxe, Seaxe.

P 127, 1 32.-For O, read Auch (Aber).
P 127, 37.-For O, read But.

P 138, 144.-For the Lord, read thou Lord.

P 147, I 40.-The Heimskringla, translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson, with Dissertation, by S. Laing, Esq. 3 vols. 8vo. 1844. 36s.

P 158, 15.-Frithiof, a Norwegian Story, from the Swedish of Bp. Tegner, by R. G. Latham, M.A. 12mo. 1838.

P 167, 10.—One of the best English works on the German system is-The English Language by R. G. Latham, M.D., F.R.S. 2nd Ed. 8vo. 1848. 15s.

P 175, 4. v. p. 281-292. Mithridates Minor; or an Essay on Language, &c. by Henry Welsford, Esq. 8vo. London, 1848, 14s.

P 205, 125.- For Ineia read India.