THE Breviary, or Portiforium, according to the use of York is herewith presented to the Surtees Society: thus completing, with the exception of the Horae, the reprints of the several printed Service Books which belonged to the great Northern Diocese.

Concerning the varying forms of the Breviary little definite information can be gathered from books. What Doctor Neale said thirty years ago still remains true: 'The History 'of the Breviary, not only from the time that it came as a 'book, so-called, into use, about 1050, but from the very 'commencement of the gradual process of its formation, is 'a great desideratum, perhaps the great desideratum, in ' ritualistic works.' And of English Breviaries in particular, their forms and peculiarities, there is much lack of accurate knowledge. Mr. Maskell, in his invaluable work, Monumenta Ritualia, Dr. Neale, in his Liturgiological Essays, and David Laing, in his Preface to the Breviarium Aberdonense,3 have written most to the purpose. And something towards a comparison of the Uses in England was attempted in the learned but unhappily uncompleted reprint of the Sarum Portiforium by Mr. Seager. Now that we are able to present

Christian Remembrancer, Oct. 1850, Vol. xx., new series, p. 285. Essays on Liturgiology and Church History, by Rev. J. M. Neale, D.D., 2nd edit. 1867, p. 2.

* Vol. i. Preface, pp. lxxxv.-lxxxix.; and Vol. ii. Pref. pp. xix.-xxxi.

'Breviarium Aberdonense. 2 Vols. Londoni apud J. Toovey MDCCCLIV.

a

The Preface was published in September 1855, as a separate pamphlet : printed at the request, and for the use of, the members of the Bannatyne Club.

4 Ecclesiae Anglicanae Officia Antiqua. Fasciculus Primus, Londini apud J. Leslie MDCCCXLIII. Fasciculus Secundus, Londini apud Whittaker et Soc. MDCCCLV.

the public with an accurate reprint of the most ancient known text of our Breviary, we trust that a new stimulus will be given to investigation. For it has been felt all along that a chief hindrance to such investigation was the want of the original texts. The books themselves, as Mr. Maskell observes, 'are amongst the rarest which still exist, and except in a few instances are to be found (whether printed or 'manuscript) only in the great public libraries.' For purposes of handy use the texts must be in print: and towards this end our Society has done a great literary service by their contributions. And when the reprint of the Sarum Breviary, now in course of publication at Cambridge, is completed with Mr. Bradshaw's promised preface, the Liturgical Scholar will, we trust, find himself in a position to compare critically the two Uses of Sarum and of York, and to contrast them with the pre-Tridentine Breviary of Rome.

The publication of Service Books for England ceased, of course, in 1558. The first complete reprint of any of them in our days was nearly thirty years ago, when to the learning of the Reverend W. J. Blew was entrusted the republication of the Aberdeen Breviary. This work reflects the highest honour on all connected with it. And though we think that the practice of our own Society in writing out in full all contractions is right, yet there is a style and character in the Aberdeen reprint, which we should have been glad to have been allowed to imitate.

The copy which has supplied the text for our reprint is unique. It was printed in Venice in 1493, is a 'totum,' in small octavo, and printed with contractions throughout. It is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Nothing is known from contemporary record concerning the different editions of the York Portiforium: but it is possible that this Oxford copy is of the earliest edition of all. A very early edition of the Paris Breviary was printed by the same printer in Venice in 1487, and in 1494 an edition of the Sarum Missal, long considered to be the Editio Princeps. The Oxford book has been copied with all its errors of punctuation and spelling, with no attempt

1 Monumenta, Ritualia, Vol. i. Preface, p. iv.

2 See Mr. Dickinson's List of English Service books published in the

Ecclesiologist No. LXXXVI. Feb. 1850. We exclude the few books printed at Douay since the Reformation.

to construct a perfect text by correcting it. The contractions indeed have been expanded, and the holy name of our Lord is printed with large Capitals, according to the custom of our Society otherwise there has been no deviation from the original text. Words, or letters, printed in Italic type denote that they are printed in red in the original; the black letter is represented by the Roman.

There are eleven other volumes, portions or full copies, of the York Breviary, eight of known dates and three undated. Full notices of these will be found below and thanks to the great liberality of their owners, who have accorded to me free use of them at my own leisure, their texts are here collated with our original. They are all later than 1493: one and one only dates from the reign of Philip and Mary. The researches of the late Mr. Davies, sometime Townclerk of York, have given us a glimpse of an edition printed in France before 1510, which was supplied to a York bookseller, Gerard Wansfort. And it is probable that one at least of the above-named undated copies, that of Mr. Blew, is of this edition. A third issue, apparently a large one, came from the press of Fr. Regnault in 1526: and of this, six volumes are still in existence. The fourth and last dated edition is of 1533: of which we possess the two parts that constitute a perfect whole. Its correctness and good arrangement might have led us to take it as the original of our reprint: only it seemed on the whole advisable to reproduce of those with a known date the earliest rather than the latest known edition.

The printer of the Bodleian book deserves a passing tribute. Johannes Hammanus, or as he called himself later J. Hertzog, describes himself of Spires in the earliest book we have of his printing: subsequently he speaks of Landau as his own city, but he printed always at Venice. His surname of Hamman recalls that of a more famous bearer of the name, Jost Amman, the great engraver, who died at Nürnberg in 1591. Like so many others of the early Venice printers, Hamman was evidently a man who took great pride in his work. He describes himself as magister, exercising an ars mirifica, vir solers, vir probatissimus, impressor famatissi

1 Memoir of the York Press, p. 13.

mus, and once impressorum monarcha. Under his name we have notices of nearly fifty works given by Maittaire, Denis, Panzer, Van Praet, and Hain. To this lot may be added two more, catalogued by M. Alès in the Library of the Comte de Villafranca, and yet two more, in my own possession. He printed works on all subjects, save apparently the Classics: and this between the years 1482 and 1501: after which date his name disappears. He printed for others more often than for himself (indeed this York Breviary was put forth at the expense of Fridericus Egmundt and Gerardus Barrevelt): and at different times he had different partners associated with him. His device is very striking; and in its varieties is well known to book-collectors. A copy of this device, one form of it, from a book in the library of St. Gall, is presented with this volume to our subscribers. In the second volume will be given a copy of the woodcut of Saint William of York, which is on the final page in the Bodleian book.

In its time this Bodleian book has been the property of two Yorkshiremen, men of renown: Ralph Thoresby and Marmaduke Fothergill. Thoresby describes it in the catalogue of his Museum as 'perfect, and a great curiosity,' and gives the summary of its contents.2 After Thoresby's death in 1725 it passed into the hands of Marmaduke Fothergill. Fothergill was Vicar of the retired village of Skipwith, ten miles from York and six from Selby. He became a Nonjuror3: and was superseded in his living in 1713. He then retired first to Pontefract and afterwards to Massam Street in Westminster, where he died in 1731. He bequeathed a large liturgical library, enriched with many MS. volumes of his own research, to the parishioners of Skipwith on condition that they built a room to hold it: this they failed to do, and thereupon his widow happily passed the whole over to the authorities of York Cathedral, who are

Description de Livres de Liturgie imprimés aux xve et xvi° siècles: faisant partie de la Bibliothèque de S. A. R. Mgr. Charles-Louis de Bourbon, (Comte de Villa Franca) par Anatole Alès &c. Paris 1878, p. 225.

2 Ducatus Leodiensis 1715, p. 546. Maittaire refers to this notice of Thoresby, in his Annales Typographici, Vol. i.

(alias Vol. iv.), p. 568.

His name occurs in Kettlewell's works List of Nonjurors, Vol. ii., Appendix No. VI., p. xii. And see Drake's York, p. 379.

There are 20 original letters from him to Hearne among the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian, Vol. L. 5.

still the guardians of the trust.

After Fothergill the next known possessor of the book was one Edw. Jacob,' from whom it passed in the year 1789 to the great collector Richard Gough, and by him was left with the rest of his books to the Bodleian in 1809.

It remains that I should express my grateful thanks to those to whom they are due. First to the gentlemen who have so freely put the use of their volumes at my disposal, Mr. Blew of Warwick Street, Pall Mall, Mr. Sherbrooke of Oxton, Southwell, Mr. Davies Cooke of Owston, Doncaster, Dr. Gott, Vicar of Leeds, and the authorities of York Cathedral. To the first-named of these, the Reverend William J. Blew, my special thanks are offered, for his unwearied friendliness and ready help. To Mr. Bradshaw also, and to the Reverend Canon Raine, I am under great obligations and from the Reverend Joseph Fowler of Durham, and from the Editors of the new Sarum Breviary (the Reverend Francis Procter and the Reverend Christopher Wordsworth), I have received kind assistance and an inspection of valuable materials.

The following is a table of all the editions known and copies extant of the York Breviary, with the place and date of printing, and summary of contents.2 The book is assumed to be made up of the four component parts described in the Introduction to Messrs. Procter and Wordsworth's Sarum Breviary. Pars. iida, pp. viij to xiij.