tionalism, pursue and complete their quest in France, even in Paris, or from meeting and of intolerance by asking the republicans on communicating at every corner of every street, the other side of the Atlantic also to rob their country of its right to be the asylum of the persecuted and the unfortunate? If they do not this, they do nothing, for the dreaded conspirators will even there still be within ten days' sail of Europe.

and in every saloon which has a door to open or to close, this he cannot do. He could only effect such a purpose by massacring one half of the French people. All the materials of conspiracy are therefore in France, under the very nose of the French emperor; and that But all such diplomatic efforts may be similar materials should exist in England canspared. There is fortunately no enactment at not add to the danger. Napoleon the Third present in force that gives an English Gov- has chosen a volcano for his throne; and ernment the power to send away the exile having done so, he really cannot ask us to put from its shores; nor is there a man of influ- out our household fires and extinguish our ence in Parliament inclined to ask for any hospitable virtues, lest a spark from them such power. If any government had a right should fly over and ignite the mass of comto complain or take offence at the governments bustibles on which he has chosen to repose. of other countries for giving asylum to political exiles driven from its dominion, it would certainly be Russia, whose ministers have seen, ever since 1830, fugitive Poles tolerated in England and more than tolerated in France. With what face can Austria and France now THE natural place of refuge for a hunted come forward to demand from England a vio-man is an island. None but those who have lation of that very privilege of offering asylum, known what it is to be pursued from place to which both France and England have deter-place, who have been aware of such and such minedly refused to Russia during a long series blood-hounds upon their track, of such and of years?

From Household Words.

PERFIDIOUS PATMOS.

such scouts waiting at given points to lead Absurd and untenable as such pretensions them down to death or captivity, can form an are on the part of Austria, coming from a idea of the feeling of security engendered by ruler of France, and such a ruler as the pres- the knowledge that there is between them and ent, they are as monstrous as ridiculous. their enemies a bulwark far more impregnable We will not dwell on the fact of the emperor, than any gabion, glacis, bastion, or counterwhen he was M. Louis Bonaparte, enjoying scarp, that Vauban ever dreamed of, in the an asylum in this country, and profiting by it shape of a ring of blue water. So islands to make bandit forays against France. Ex- have been, in all ages and circumstances, the amples adduced from his past life have little chosen places of refuge to men who could find weight on his decisions at present. But let no rest elsewhere for the soles of their feet. us consider his position. He holds supreme Patmos was the elected asylum of St. John power by having come in between the death- the Apostle. In Malta, the last Christian struggle of two opposed parties and classes, knights of Palestine, driven from their first and he keeps power by virtue of their en- island refuge - Rhodes - found a haven of during enmity. Both, however, are at bot- safety, and founded a city of strength against tom decided enemies of his, and no doubt the infidels. The expiring embers of the they will do their utmost to overthrow him. Druidical priesthood smouldered away in the Both, let us add, taken together, make the impenetrable groves of the island of Anglesey. better part of France. They comprise all the The isles of Greece were the eyries of poetry, upper and intellectual class of society, and and art, and liberty, when the mainland all that is energetic or distinguished in the groaned beneath the despotism of the thirty lower. To carry out his demands upon us, tyrants. The Greeks located their paradise in therefore, Napoleon the Third must require the islands of the blest. Madeira spread forth, of England to punish and banish every French-pitying, protecting arms to two fugitive lovers. man who belongs to these classes. Such Charles Edward hid in Skye. Once within wholesale proscription on our part would be in the first place impossible, and in the next place would be useless. France abounds with the political enemies of the emperor, those of the upper class, and those of the lower; get rid of them he cannot; for every second man he meets is in one category or the other. He may forbid association; he may render communication by post unsafe; he may call his police to arrest every gentleman, and every artisan, who utters a hasty ejaculation in the street; but prevent his enemies from living

the pleasant valleys of Pitcairn's Island, Jack Adams and the mutineers of the Bounty felt secure and safe from courts-martial and yardarms. There is a hiding-place for the pursued of sheriffs in the island of Jersey and in the Isle of Man; in which latter insular refuge Charlotte de la Tremouille, Countess of Derby, sheltered the last remnants of the cause of the Stuarts against Oliver Cromwell. The dogs of Constantinople found protection from the sticks and stones of the men of Stamboul in an island in the Bosphorus. The last of the

London marshes staunchly defy drainage from | Germans to become tailors and boot-makers; the strongholds of the Isle of Dogs; and there and the Swiss, valets, house-porters, and is a wall of strength for the choicest London waiters. More so than the United States, fevers, and the dirtiest London lodging-houses, against Inspectors Reason and Humanity and their whole force, in and about the mud embankments of Jacob's Island.

Lincoln's Inn Fields (for the purlieus of Long | Russia, and Baden - all these contributed to Acre and Seven Dials are all Patmos), and on the west by Golden Square.

swell the number of Herr Lurleibeg's customers a hundred fold, and to fill Patmos to The trapezium of streets enclosed within overflowing. The sweetstuff and dolls disap this boundary are not, by any means, of an peared "right away," and the coffee-cups and aristocratic description. A maze of sorry saucers multiplied exceedingly. In addition thoroughfares, a second-rate butcher's meat to this, the Herr caused to be stretched across and vegetable market, two model lodging the single window a canvas blind, on which houses, a dingy parish church, and some his name, and the style and title of his estab"brick barns" of dissent are within its bound-lishment, were painted in painfully attenuated aries. No lords or squires of high degree letters, with which not yet content, he incited live in this political Alsatia. The houses are young Fritz Schiftmahl, the artist, with dazdistinguished by a plurality of bell-pulls in- zling prospects of a carte-blanche for coffee and serted in the door-jambs, and by a plurality tobacco, to depict beneath, in real oil colors, of little brass name-plates, bearing the names the counterfeit presentments of a Pole, a Hunof in-dwelling artisans. Everybody (of nubile garian, and a German embracing each other age and English) seems to be married, and to in a fraternal accolade, all smoking like volhave a great many children, whose education canoes; the legend setting forth that true, seems to be conducted chiefly on the extra-universal, and political brotherhood are only domal or out-door principle. to be found at Albrecht Lurleibeg's.

66

As an uninterested stranger, and without a In the Herr's back parlor - he once deguide, you might, perambulating these shabby signed in the flush of increased business to genteel streets, see in them nothing which enlarge it by knocking it into the back yard, would peculiarly distinguish them from that till warned, by a wary neighbor, of the horclass of London streets known inelegantly, but rible pains and penalties (only second to preexpressively, as back slums." At the first munire) incurred by meddling with a wall in glance you see nothing but dingy houses teem- England - in this dirty back parlor, with rings ing with that sallow, cabbage-stalk and fried made by coffee-cups on the rickety Pembroke fish sort of population, indigenous to back tables, on the coarsely papered, slatternlyslums. The pinafored children are squabbling printed foreign newspapers and periodicals, or playing in the gutters; while from distant are a crowd of men in every variety of beard courts come faintly and fitfully threats of Jane and moustache and head-dress, in every imto tell Ann's mother; together with that un-aginable phase of attire more or less dirty meaning monotonous chant or dirge which street-children sing, why, or with what object, I know not. Grave dogs sit on door-stepstheir heads patiently cocked on one side, waiting for the door to be opened, as- in this region of perpetual beer-fetching- they know must soon be the case. The beer itself, in vases of strangely-diversified patterns, and borne by Ganymedes of as diversified appearance, is incessantly threading the needle through narrow courts and alleys. The public house doors are always on the swing; the bakers' shops (they mostly sell "seconds") are always full; so are the cookshops, so are the coffee-shops; step into one, and you shall have a phase of Patmos before you incontinent.

Albrecht Lurleibeg, who keeps this humble little Deutsche Caffee und Gasthof, as he calls it, commenced business five years ago with a single coffee-pot and two cups and saucers. That was a little before February, 1848. Some few foreigners dropt in to visit him occasionally; but he was fain to eke out his slender earnings by selling sweetstuff, penny dolls, and cheap Sunday newspapers. After the first three months' saturnalia of revolution in '48, however, exiles began to populate Patmos pretty thickly. First, Barbès' and Albert's unsuccessful riot; then the escapade of Ledru-Rollin and Louis Blanc; then the wholesale proscriptions of Hungary, Italy, Austria,

and picturesque. Figures such as, were you to see them in the drawings of Leech, or Daumier, or Gavarni, you would pronounce exaggerated and untrue to nature; hooded, tasselled, and braided garments of unheard-of fashion; hats of shapes to make you wonder to what a stage the art of squeezability had arrived; trousers with unnumbered plaits; boots made as boots were never made before; finger and thumb-rings of fantastic fashion marvellous gestures, Babel-like tongues; voices anything but (Englishly) human; the smoke as of a thousand brick-kilns; the clatter as of a thousand spoons: such are the characteristics of this in-door Patmos.

Here are Frenchmen -ex-representatives of the people, ex-ministers, prefects and republican commissaries, Prolétaires, Fourierists, Phalansterians, disciples of Proudhon, Pierre le Roux and Cahagnet, professors of barricade building; men yet young, but two thirds of whose lives have been spent in prison or in exile. Here are political gaol-birds who have been caged in every state prison of Europe; the citadels of France, the cachots of Mont St. Michel, the secrets of the Conciergerie, the piombi of Venice, the gloomy fastnesses of Ehrenbreitstein and Breslau and Pilnitz, the oubliettes of the Spielberg and Salzburg. Here are young men - boys almostof good families and high hopes, blasted by

-

the sirocco of civil war. Here are German | or, at least, do not taste by any means like philosophic democrats -scientific conspirators foreign dishes. Cookery, like the amor patriæ, - who, between Greek roots and algebraical is indigenous. It cannot be transplanted. It quantities, tobacco smoke and heavy folios in cannot flourish on a foreign soil. I question German text upon international law, have if the black broth of Sparta would have agreed somehow found themselves upon barricades with the Lacedæmonian palate if consumed in and in danger of the fate of Robert Blum. an English à la mode beef shop. Here are simple-minded German workmen - Patmos is likewise studded with small forsuch honest-faced, tawny-bearded young fel- eign tobacco shops. Limited to the sale of lows as you see in the beer cellars of Berlin tobacco mostly, for the cigar is a luxury in -who have shaken off their dreams of Ger- most cases beyond the reach of the exile. man unity to find themselves in this back slum You must remember that abroad you may obPatmos far away from home and friends. tain a cigar as large as an Epping sausage Here are swarthy Italians, eying the Tedeschi (and as damp), as strong as brandy and as (though friendly ones) askance, cursing Ra- fiery as a red-hot poker, for a matter of two detzky and Gyulay, and telling with wild ges- sous :-in some parts of Belgium and Gerticulations how Novara was fought and Rome many for one sous; and that in England defended. Here, and in great numbers, are the smallest Cuba, of Minories manufacture, the poor, betrayed, cozened Hungarians, with smoked in a minute and of no particular flaglossy beards, and small embroidered caps and vor, costs three half-pence: a sum! There braided coats. They are more woe-begone, is, to be sure, a harmless, milk-mild little roll more scared and wild-looking than the rest, of dark brown color, the component parts of for they are come from the uttermost corners which, I believe, are brown paper, hay, and of Europe, and have little fellowship save aromatic herbs, vended at the charge of one that of misfortune, with their continental penny. But what would be the use of one of neighbors. Lastly, here are the Poles, those those smoke-toys to an exile who is accushistorical exiles who have been so long fugi-toned to wrap himself in smoke as in a mantives from their country that they have tle; to smoke by the apertures of his mouth, adopted Patmos with a will, have many of them entered into and succeeded in business, but would, I think, succeed better if the persons with whom they have commercial transactions were able to pronounce their names those jaw-breaking strings of dissonant letters in which the vowels are so few that the con- If there exist a peculiarity of Patmos which sonants seem to have compassed them round I could not, without injustice, avoid advertabout, like fortifications, to prevent their slip-ing to, it is the pleasure its inhabitants seem ping out.

nostrils, eyes and ears; to eat cigars, so to speak? Thus Patmos solaces itself with cut tobacco (which is good and cheap in England), which it puffs from meerschaums or short clays, or rolls up into fragments of foreign newspapers and makes cigarettes of.

to feel in reading letters. See, as we saunter There are many of these poor refugees (I down one of Patmos' back streets, a German speak of them in general) who sit in coffee- exile, in a pair of trousers like a bifurcated shops similar to Herr Lurleibeg's, from early carpet-bag, stops a braided Hungarian with a morning till late at night, to save the modi-half quartern loaf under his arin. cum of fire and candle they would otherwise be compelled to consume at home (if home their garrets can be called), and which God knows they can ill spare. About one o'clock in the day, those who are rich enough congregate in the English cook-shops, and regale themselves with the cheap cag-mag there offered for sale. Towards four or five the foreign eating-houses, of which there are many in Patmos of a fifth or sixth rate order of excellence, are resorted to by those who yet adhere to the gastronomic traditions of the Land they have been driven from; and there they vainly attempt to delude themselves into the belief that they are consuming the fricassées and ragouts, the suet puddings and sauerkraut, the maccaroni and stuffato of France or Germany or Italy-all the delightful messes on which foreigners feed with such extreme gusto and satisfaction. But, alas! these dishes, though compounded from foreign recipes and cooked by foreign hands, are not,

A sallow Italian (one of Garibaldi's men) enters speedily unto them, and the three fall greedily to the perusal of a large sheet of tissue paper, crossed and re-crossed in red, and black, and blue ink, patchworked outside with postage marks of continental frontiers and government stamps. Few of these missives reach their destination without some curious little scissor marks about the seal, some suspicious little hot-water blisters about the wafers, hinting that glazed cocked hats, and jack-boots, and police spies have had something to do with their letters between their postage and their delivery. Indeed, so well is this paternal solicitude on the part of foreign governments to know whether their corresponding subjects write and spell correctly, known among the refugees, that some wary exiles have their letters from abroad addressed to " Mr. Simpson Brown,' or "Mr. Thomas Williams," such and such a street, London; and as foreign governments are rather cautious as to how they meddle

with the families of the Browns and the Williams who grow refractory sometimes and post their letters in the paddle-boxes of war the Brown and Williams letters reach London untampered with.

steamers

More exiles reading letters. One nearly falls over a dog's-meat cart, so absorbed is he in his correspondence; another, bearded like the pard, and with a fur cap like an Armenian Calpack, is shedding hot tears on his outstretched paper, utterly unconscious of the astonishment of two town-made little boys, who have stopped in the very middle of a "cartwheel" to stare at the "furriner a crying. Poor fellows! poor broken men! poor hunted wayfarers! If you, brother Briton, well clothed, well fed, well cared for with X 99 well paid to guard you with houses for the sale of law by retail on every side, where you can call for your half-pint of habeas corpus, or your Magna Charta, cold without, at any hour in the day-if you were in a strange land, proscribed, attainted, poor, unfriended, dogged even in your Patmos by spies; would you warrant yourself not to shed some scalding tears, even in a fierce fur cap, over a letter from the home you are never to

No one

yet picking up an honest livelihood somehow. His wife has turned her artistic talent, and his eldest daughter her taste for embroidery, to account; his son Mithridates copies music for the orchestra in a theatre, for living is dear in London, and those helpless little ones among the card-board boxes must be looked after. He has been an exile for five years. The holy father was good enough to connivo at his escape, and to confer all his confiscated estates on a Dominican convent. knows what the politique, which has been his ruin, exactly was; nor, I am inclined to think, does the good man know very clearly himself. "We got away from Rome," he tells you mildly, "with a few hundred scudi, and our plate and a picture or two, and went to Marseilles; but when we had eaten' (avevamo mangiati) what we had brought with us, we came to England. It was very hard at first; for we had no friends, and could speak nothing but French and Italian, and the English are a suspicious people, whose first impulse, when they see a foreigner for the first time, is to button up their pockets as if he must necessarily be a thief." But the marquis went to work manfully, forgot his coronet, and is now doing a very good fancy commission busiMy pencil may limn a few individual por-ness. He has an invention (nearly all reftraits in the perfidious refuge, and then I must needs row my bark away to other shores. Stop at forty-six Levant Street, if you please, over against Leg-bail Court.

see more?

Up four flights of crazy stairs, knocking at a rickety door, you enter a suite of three musty attics. They are very scantily furnished, but crowded with articles of the most heterogeneous description; mes marchandises, as the proprietor calls them. Variegated shades for lamps, fancy stationery, bon-bon boxes, lithographic prints, toys, cigar-cases, nicknacks of every description are strewn upon the chairs and table, and cumber the very floor; at one window a dark-eyed, mildlooking lady, in a dark merino dress, is painfully elaborating a drawing on a lithographic stone; at another a slender girl is bending over a tambour frame; at a desk a roundheaded little boy is copying music, while in an adjoining apartment- -even more denuded of furniture and littered with marchandises are two or three little children tumbling among the card-board boxes. All these movables, animate and inanimate, belong to a Roman Marquis-the Marchese del Pifferare. He and his have been reared in luxury. Time was he possessed the most beautiful villa, the finest equipages, the most valuable Rafaelles in the Campagna of Rome; but la politique, as he tells you with a smile, has brought him down to the level of a species of unlicensed hawker, going with his wares (to sell on commission) from fancy warehouse to fancy warehouse, often rebutted, often insulted;

ugees have inventions) for curing smoky chimneys, which, when he has money enough to patent it, he expects will bring him a fortune. In the days of his utterest and most dire distress, he always managed to pay three shillings every Sunday for the sittings of himself, his wife, and daughter, at a foreign Catholic chapel, and to wear every day the cleanest of white neckcloths, fastened no man knows how, for no man ever saw the tie thereof.

Within these sorry streets. these dingy slums are swept together the dead leaves, the rotten branches, the withered fruits from the tree of European liberty. The autumn blast of despotism has eddied them about from the remotest corners of Europe, has chased them from land to land, has wafted them at last into this perfidious Patmos, where there is liberty to act, and think, and breathe, but also, alas! liberty to starve.

O England, happily unconscious of the oppressions and exasperations that have driven these men here, try sometimes to spare some little modicum of substantial relief, some crumbs of comfort, some fragile straws of assistance to the poor drowning exiles! Their miseries are appalling. They cannot dig (for few, if any, Englishmen will call a foreigner's spade into requisition), to beg they are nobly ashamed. They do not beg, nor rob, nor extort. They starve in silence. The French and Hungarian refugees suffer more, perhaps, than those of other nations. The former have by no means an aptitude for acquiring the English language, and are, besides, men