ed a very conspicuous figure, particularly in Italy: whenever a kind of penitential procession was celebrated, the self-convicted criminals marched solemnly through the streets, whipping themselves with the utmost severity, and imploring, in the most piteous strains, the mercy of God.

To such an extravagant extent had this fanatical furor at length proceeded, that Pope Clement VI. formally condemned their practice and themselves as impious and pernicious heretics. The practice of self-punishment is not yet abolished; even in this enlightened age it is deemed meritorious.

The Franciscans were founded by St. Francis, in the year 1209; and it is, or was, a strict Order. At the time it was founded, the churchmen, of every description, had become enervated by riches. The pleasures of the table, the sports of the field, and the allurements of luxury and sensuality, were indulged in without restraint. The establishment of an Order, founded on the injunctions of the Christian author, to his disciples, when he says" provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass, in your purses; neither two coats, nor shoes, nor yet staves: for the workman is worthy of his meal;" was under these circumstances, highly proper

The Rue of Penance of the Spiritual Father, St. Francis," printed at Douay, in 1644, says, that the brothers or sisters, that are to be received into this Order, ought to be faithful catholics; not tied to matrimony; free from debts; sound in body; prompt in mind; not touched with any public infamy; reconciled to their neighbours ; and before their admission, to be diligently examined of these things, by those that have power to receive them.

St. Francis built an edifice well calculated to be beneficial to mankind, had his successor followed the essential parts of his regulations. He no doubt intended that his followers should be abstemious and moderate in all their appetites; but he likewise intended that they should labour with their hands for their subsistence; and serve in spiritual matters almost gratuitously. Instead of observing these wise and benevolent rules, they attached themselves to the observance of the most rigid poverty; and a superstitious adherence to the coarseness and form of the habit, particularly to the figure of the capuce. This became the cause of many divisions; and finally occasioned the separation of the society into three distinct and independent Orders, besides other subdivisions, with particular statutes.

The Franciscans became a rich and powerful body, and they

penance; then they return in haste, both men and women, to a green spot on the side of a hill, and begin dancing and carousing for the rest of the day, which seldom pas es without a general fight, or scuffle; terminating, however, through the interference of the old men and women, in good humour; after which they retire to their respective homes, without retaining the least feeling of animosity against each ⚫ther.

century, and still exist in France and other countries. The principal object of this Order was the extirpation of error, and the destruction of heretics. They came to England about the year 1221; and, in the year 1276, the lord mayor and aldermen gave them two streets near the Thames; where they had a most magnificent monastary; no part of which now remains, but the place is still called Black Friars.

In contradistinction to the Franciscans, the order of St. Dominic maintain that the Virgin Mary was born without original sin.

The modern term Jacobins was derived from this Order; and some of the first and most active promoters of the French revolution belonged to it.

The Flagellants can hardly be now said to have any existence as a body--they never were a recognised Order. In all ages of the world, a strange notion has existed that the Deity must necessarily be pleased with the self-inflicted punishment of his creatures; instances of this unaccountable infatuation exist even at the present day.* These fanatics at one time maintain

*The practice of inflicting self-punishment, in some instances, has degenerated, or rather risen, into an occasion of rejoicing, or some mere form. I know not precisely whence arose the Irish custom of passing between the two fires of Beal.

In the old Irish glossaries, noticed by Mr. Lhuwyd, mention is made that the Irish druids used to light the solemn fires every year, through which all four-footed beasts were driven as a preservative against contagious diseases.

The Irish still preserve the ancient custom, and light the fires in the milking yards; the men, women, and children, pass through, or leap over these sacred fires; and the cattle are driven through the flames on the first of May.

St. John's eve is another of those festivals, at which time the sacred fires are lighted in every district throughout the kingdom, to the amount of many thousands; in the remote part of the country, all families extinguish their domestic fires, which must be re-lighted from the bonfire.

In Ireland is an ancient cave and chapel, dedicated to St. Patrick. The cave appears to have been cut out of the solid rock. Within it is a very small rill of water, issuing from the rock at the side of the chapel, and passing through it

To this chapel and cave, on a certain day in each year, and on Patrick's day in particular, the natives pay their devotions in pilgrimages, which, for certain stages, they undertake barefoot; but when they come to a certain spot in the way, they go on their bare kne continue their devotions all the way to the cave, on sto intermixed with heath and grass.

During their devotions at the cave

a drop of the water, with which t

ulcers, are sure to wash

They then put on sh

longer concerned f

widely extended their tenets and influence, but they are now sunk into comparative meanness and insignificance. The Spanish Franciscan monks are particularly disgusting in their appearance and habits; the very sight of them, as a learned monk of the Benedictine Order personally informed the author, would dispose many persons, not only to despise the individual, but set them against all religious Orders whatever; and, perhaps, excite antipathy to the catholic church itself, for suffering and encouraging a system of vandalism. So meanly are the Spanish monks and friars generally esteemed, that the Spaniards have an alliterative proverb, expressive of abhorrence and contempt: "Quien dice Frayle, dice Fraude; whoever says friar says fraud;" all this is the consequence of their departure from the rules and duties of their several institutions.

The order of St. Augustine was founded in the year 1256. Their rule was nearly similar to the Franciscans. Soon after their institution they came to England, and progressively obfained about thirty houses in different parts: particularly one in London, at the place still known by the name of Austin Friars. When that most rapacious of all rapacious monarchs, Henry VIII. formed the design of laying waste the church and suppressing the monasteries, these monks decreased in power and number, and gradually became extinct; but the Augustine's still exist in catholic countries.

But of all the religious Orders that of the Jesuits was the most powerful and influential; this society or Order, has been suppressed and revived; extolled and defamed; till the whole world has become familiar with the word Jesuit, its meaning and

character.

This Order was founded in the year 1540, by an illustrious Spaniard of the name of Ignatius Loyola; he pretended to nothing less than divine inspiration, and his order received the distinguished title of the SOCIETY OF JESUS." Besides the three common vows of poverty, chastity, and monastic obedience, the Jesuits bound themselves to a vow of obedience to the pope, to go wherever he should command them for the service of religion, and without requiring any thing from the holy see for their support. This last vow seemed to be somewhat at variance with the general spirit of the monastic life; which taught men to separate themselves from the world, and from connection with its affairs:-in the solitude and silence of the cloister, and the cenobetical life, the monk is called on to work out his own salvation by extraordinary acts of mortification and piety; he is dead to the world, and ought not to mingle in its transactions; he can be of no benefit to mankind, but by his example and prayers

But in opposition to all this, the Jesuits became the most active and operative body of men in the world: there was not an affair of state, in any part of Europe, or even in India, where they did not exert their influence in the most effective manner. That they might have fuli leisure for this active ser