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plan believe whatever control is exercised by the nation must be by the Federal government acting with and through the several states. They recognize a decided responsibility on the part of the private owner of timberland.

This program has been fully described by Colonel H. S. Graves (a) in a pamphlet issued from the office of the Secretary of Agriculture under the title, "A Policy of Forestry for the Nation," (b) in a mimeographed report from the U. S. Forest Service under the title "The principles of a program for Private Forestry" and (c) in a mimeographed report by the U. S. Forest Service under the title "The next steps in a National Forest Policy."

Due to the emphasis placed upon co-operation and from the fact that the program involves local plans to fit local conditions it cannot be as specifically outlined as the foregoing plans discussed. It can, however, be best outlined under the two heads (a) Principles involved, and (b) Federal and state action required.

I. PRINCIPLES INVOLVED

1st. The need of a Forestry program in which it is recognized that no single legislative measure can accomplish the objects desired but that a central national policy is needed adaptable to special regional conditions.

2nd. The object of the program should be to bring about permanent forest production on all lands which are best suited for the growing of timber, and the recognition that this can be done only by adequate protection and by the replacement of old timber when cut with new growth.

3rd. Public forests should comprise critical areas on important watersheds and extensive areas elsewhere to serve for the production of forest products, as demonstration forests and as centers of cooperation with private owners.

4th. The problems of farm forestry should be worked out through the medium provided by the public to educate farmers in better methods of agriculture, and the utilization of commercial timber tracts should require that the public take steps to stop destructive processes and substitute constructive methods of forestry.

5th. That private ownership of forests carries with it certain definite responsibilities, in that private ownership does not give the right to handle forest lands in a way that jeopardizes the public interests.

6th. The character of the forestry problem is such that as a rule the private timberland owner seldom adopts measures tending to the perpetuation of forests upon his own initiative and without direction and co-operation by the public.

7th. The safe-guarding of the public interests in forests requires laws to the effect that the private owner adopt measures for forest replacement but at the same time be given such public assistance and co-operation as may be needed to make such measures feasible in practice; that the mandatory principles in these laws aim to establish uniform requirements to apply to all timberland alike and to be within the possibilities of practical application.

II. FEDERAL AND STATE LEGISLATION REQUIRED

A. FEDERAL LEGISLATION

1st. For the extension of national forests.

(a) Authority to exchange national forest land, stumpage and timber certificates for private forests within or adjacent to existing national forests.

(b) Continued appropriations on a generous scale for acquiring forest land by purchase, until ultimately such acquisitions extend into all the principal forest regions in the United States.

2nd. For co-operation with the states in forest protection and silviculture.

(a) Authority to provide the states liberal financial help and technical aid.

(b) Authority to greatly expand the activities of the U. S. Forest Service in co-operation with the states as now authorized by Section 2 of the Weeks law; this authority to carry with it a yearly appropriation by the National Government of not less than $1,000,000 to assist the states in forest protection and silviculture, but the expenditures in any state not to exceed the expenditures of the state for the same purposes, and the benefits of the law limited to the states which establish mandatory laws fixing minimum requirements. 3rd. For the securing of better forest taxation and insurance laws, including legislation carrying a moderate appropriation to devise model forest taxation and insurance laws.

4th. For loans on growing timber, through the extension of the federal law concerning farm loans, but such loans to be issued upon a specific obligation assumed by the owner to retain the land in growing timber and to protect and care for it during the life of the loan.

5th. For land classification, through the states but with federal assistance, in order that all lands be put to the most advantageous use and ill-advised attempts to cultivate land which is not agricultural in character be stopped.

6th. For forest surveys and research including a special appropriation for a comprehensive survey of the forest resources of the

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United States in co-operation with the states and private interests, and for aid to enlarge research in forestry and in forest products along the lines already under way by the U. S. Forest Service.

B. STATE LEGISLATION

Although this program recognizes that the differences in forest conditions in the several states do not make uniform state forestry laws possible, it recognizes that certain main principles are applicable to practically all of the states which contain forest land but variations in methods of enforcing them are necessary.

The state legislation necessary to carry out the foregoing national program is as follows:

1st. The enactment of laws to the effect that the private owners of forest land are legally responsible for preventing their property from being devastated or denuded of forest growth, and that it should be incumbent on the State Forestry Board to enforce this principle.

2nd. That state law in pursuance of the above should make the following measures obligatory, leaving detailed methods of enforcement to the State Forestry Board.

(a) Organized protection of all forest lands in the state under a system by which the cost is met by the Federal Government, the state and the private owner.

(b) Police regulations for the control of forest fires during critical periods.

(c) Effective disposal of slash in all cutting operations under a method best suited for the particular forest type.

(d) Cutting methods determined and established by the State Forestry Board for application in forest types where protection alone is insufficient for forest renewal.

(e) To provide for assistance to forest owners through the State Forestry Board in the study and classification of land, and for co-operation with the Federal Government in this classification.

3rd. To provide for assistance to the private owners of forest property in attaining forest renewal and to provide for forest investigation and for the systematic planting of denuded lands in state ownership.

4th. To provide funds and the machinery for a large extension of state and communal forests.

5th. To provide a non-partisan control of forestry work in the state through a Forestry Board representing the forest-using, agricultural, and educational interests in the state, with the executive forest officer a technically trained man known as the state forester.

6th. To provide better taxation laws through the creation of a commission in each state to study existing practices and their effect on

forest replacement and to recommend to the state legislature a revision of present laws where advisable, the commission to receive cooperation and aid from the Federal Government.

The differences in the foregoing plans can be briefly stated as follows:

The more radical plan proposes national mandatory laws governing privately owned forest lands. Chief emphasis is placed upon specific requirements imposed upon the owners although public assistance is provided in certain matters. The more reactionary plan proposes no mandatory laws, makes no requirements whatever but relies upon encouragement and inducements in the way of public cooperation and aid, with the public ownership of forests as an alternative. The intermediate plan imposes certain requirements but emphasizes co-operation and public aid. It makes public action an integral part of the plan and recognizes the necessity of the public's sharing the cost and responsibility. The advocates of this plan believe that state legislatures must provide certain mandatory requirements for forest renewal but that both Federal and state governments must provide co-operation and financial support in making effective a system of forest management for each locality which will result in sustained yield without placing an undue burden on the private owner.

It is the writer's judgment that the solution of our forestry problem will be found most likely in the development of a forest policy based upon the principles and legislation now under process of development by the advocates of the intermediate plan. This plan recognizes a dual responsibility resting upon both the public and the private owner of forest property. It recognizes not only the necessity for liberal national and state appropriations and the heartiest cooperation between the public and the private owner but it also recognizes that where there are reciprocal public concessions to be safeguarded reasonable requirements are essential.

Although we are not yet ready for radical Federal coercive laws and it is the writer's hope we never will be, the time will very likely come in the not distant future when the private owner, as in many European states, although permitted by the state to cut by whatever method he pleases, must attain adequate reproduction on cutover areas to satisfy the rigorous examination of a board of foresters. Some day the state will say to the private owner, "We are concerned in keeping absolute forest land permanently under forest. We judge you by the condition of your cutover land. If it is unsatisfactory from the standpoint of public welfare, we will improve it if you do not, and charge the cost against the property."

CONTROLLING THE AIRPLANE AT TWENTY

THOUSAND FEET

By Professor HENRY C. McCOMAS

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

OW the airplane will sail at twenty thousand feet can be pre

Ho

dicted with confidence. How the pilot will sail his ship at that altitude is quite another question. Each year has witnessed improved designs in ships, so that planes to-day climb easily to twenty-five thousand feet; whereas five years ago they rarely exceeded ten thousand feet. During the war the aviator was called upon to drive close enough to the trenches to use his machine gun and to rise to eighteen or twenty thousand feet for combat purposes. Machines assisting the artillery in range finding did not often work above eight thousand feet. The different types of work called for different types of machines. Perhaps we should say for different types of pilots as well. As some machines can not rise to great heights, so too some pilots are incapable of work at great altitudes. General Squier reports that 61 per cent of men examined for altitude work are capable of flying to twenty thousand feet or more; 25 per cent. should not fly above fifteen thousand feet; and 14 per cent. were inefficient above eight thousand feet.1

High altitudes impose new conditions upon both the man and the machine. Rohlfs, the holder of the American altitude record, tells us that on a summer's day, when people are sweltering in the heat, he experiences in his climbs a temperature of twenty-five degrees below zero, and a wind of from one to two hundred miles an hour. Of course, the air pressure is greatly diminished. Both pilot and airplane have to contend with greatly decreased temperature and air pressure as they rise. This necessitates certain changes in the machine and certain changes in the man. The carburetor and the water system both have to be adjusted to meet the new requirements. The heart rate, the respiration rate, the blood pressure have to be adjusted to keep the pilot's system working. As the pilot and the plane are a unit in the work they do it is of course as important that the machinery in one should be studied, understood and cared for as thoroughly as in the other.

A great deal of work has been done to select and classify the fliers. Each of the countries in the war had an Air Medical Service

1Aeronautics in the United States, 1918. George O. Squier, Proceedings of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Vol. 38, No. 2, p. 81.

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