Black Culture, White Youth: The Reggae Tradition from JA to UK

affiliation African Afro-Caribbean album appropriation of black artists Asian Balsall Heath bass became Birmingham black and white black British black community black culture black friends black music black peers black styles black youth Bob Marley Caribbean Catch a Fire consumption context contradictions creole cultural and political cultural forms culture and music discos discourses drum and bass early example experience friendships Gilroy groups Hebdige important interaction involvement Island Jamaican music Jamaican popular music Jo-Jo kumina large numbers leisure institutions leisure spaces living Marley's mass white meaning Melody Maker mixed movement Musical Express musicians organisations particular patois patterns played police pop culture popular music punk race racial racism radio Rasta Rastafari reggae tradition reggae's responses rhythms rock rocksteady sense skinhead slaves social songs sound sound-system sound-system dance specific two-tone Wailers white audience white working-class white youth whole young blacks young whites youth clubs youth culture