humentia siccis. Ov. Misceo is used with both constructions in prose. Si inest in oratione mista modestiae gravitas. Cic. Loquor in prose takes cum.

8. With passive verbs, the dative of words which, with an active verb, denote the source of the action, (Sect. LXXII. 1.) is sometimes used alone, instead of ab with an ablative.

Cui non sunt auditae Demosthenis vigiliae? Cic.

Note. This is most frequently done with the participles of the perfect passive, in the perfect, pluperfect, &c., which are often nearly adjective in sense; e. gr. notus, contemptus, dilectus, and similar words. But it is not very common in the older prose writers, as Cicero and Caesar. The following are probably all the passages in Cicero in which the present is so used: Off. 3, 9; Sen. 11; Nat. Deor. 2, 48; Att. 1, 16. In Livy, it is frequent. Drak. ad Liv. 6, 11.

The use of probor with a dative belongs to a different principle, probo hoc tibi being used in the active for " procure your approbation of something." With the gerund and the participle in dus it was the rule of the Latin language. See Syntax of Participles: Sect. LXXIX. 9. Allied to this is the use of the dative for "with," (apud). Barbaris ex fortuna pendet fides. Purgo me tibi.

.

So the verbal adjectives in bilis, which are, with few exceptions, passive, govern a dative. Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit. Where they have entirely lost their verbal force, the dative is to be explained by the rule No. 2.

9. With the verbs esse, proficisci, dare, and venire, verto, fio, and others of the same meaning, besides the dative of the person, another is used to express the

purpose, effect and destination; cui bono fuerit? what end will it answer?

Dare belongs to this class, not only in the simple sense of giving, like mitto, sumo, relinquo; but also in that of imputing; e. gr. hoc mihi vitio dedere, they imputed this as a fault to me. Ducere, habere, tribuere,

vertere, have a similar meaning.

Ampla domus saepe domino dedecori fit. Cic. Attalus, regnum suum Romanis dono dedit (for which donum dedit might have been used.)

Plataeenses Atheniensibus auxilio venerunt.

Lacedaemoniis crimini datum quod arcem occupâssent.

Absentium bona divisui fuere. Liv.

Of the dative of the gerund, see Section LXXX. 4.

not. 1.

Note. Of these datives there is a great variety: to give, muneri, praemio; to leave, custodiae, as a watch, praesidio, as a garrison; cordi, curae esse, to be an object of interest, of concern; canere receptui, to sound a retreat; opponere pignori, to pawn. Hoc est argumento, indicio, documento, may be said, or argumentum, caet.

SECT. LXXI.

Genitive Case.

1. When two substantives are to be united, so as to form the expression of one idea, one of them is in the genitive. This genitive is, in Latin, of two kinds, the

genitive of the subject, or of the object. The genitive is subjective when it denotes that which does something, or to which something belongs: hominum facta; liber pueri: it is objective, when it denotes that which is the object of the action or feeling spoken of; amor virtutis, taedium laboris; desiderium otii; remedium doloris. In English the objective genitive is often rendered by some other word than of; longing for rest, remedy for pain, love to virtue.

Note . A dative may in many cases be substituted for the genitive, with little change of meaning, as in English to or for may frequently be substituted for of. Caesari se ad pedes projecere. Hannibal pollicitus est, caput Italiae omni Capuam fore. Liv. Quem exitum tantis malis speratis. Sall. When Terence says (Ad. 1. 2, 46.) Natura tu illi pater es, consiliis ego; there is a peculiar propriety in the dative, as denoting a relation assumed by one of the parties. Ov. Ep. 8, 28. Si non esses vir mihi, frater esses.

Comp.

Praefectus and legatus, which are properly participles, sometimes take a genitive and sometimes a dative. Legatus Luculli and Lucullo; praefectus castrorum and praefectus

urbi.

The genitive is sometimes used in Latin, where the English idiom requires the preposition in or for; e. gr. Neque enim serendi-ulla pecudum scientia est. Cic. Narium gustandi magnum est judicium. Id. Comitia consulis subrogandi. Liv. Custodia conservandi sui. Cic. N. D. 2, 48.

Note 2. Prepositions are sometimes used in Latin, instead of the objective genitive; amor meus erga te; metus ab hoste, but also sine metu hostium esse; ex injuria mulierum Sabinarum bellum ortum esse. Caesar, B. G. 1, 30. joins the subjective and objective genitive in the same sentence; pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis populi Romani (injuries which the Helvetii had committed against the Roman people). Per

spicuity, however, is very much promoted by the use of a preposition in such cases.

Note 3. The genitive of the personal pronouns is, in prose, objective; vestri curam gero; rationem et sui et aliorum habere; i. e. care for you, regard to one's self. The pronouns possessive properly express the subjective genitive; whence liber meus is said, not liber mei; and they take words in apposition to, or agreeing with this subjective genitive, which they represent. See p. 234. Rule 8. These pronouns, however, frequently assume an objective sense: e. gr. invidiâ tuâ, through ill will towards you; desiderium vestrum ferre non possum longing for you, especially with injuria; e. gr. injurias meas, tuas, persequor, ulciscor; injuries done to me.

Note 4. The relation expressed by of in English, is frequently expressed in Latin by an adjective: e. gr. laus aliena, the praise of others, i. e. bestowed on other men: causa regia, for causa regis; timor externus, fear of foreign enemies. In the same way, summus, medius, intimus, extremus, and others of the same kind, are used, agreeing with the substantive, for the English summit of, &c. in summa domo; ad summum montem; in intimo sacrario; media aestate; filius herilis, master's son. Of, denoting origin, is expressed by an adjective, formed from the name of the place; Protagoras Abderites, of Abdēra. So when it denotes quality; simplicitas Ciceroniana.

Note 5. Though the Latin writers frequently make one genitive depend on another (juvabit me ipsum consuluisse memoriæ rerum gestarum principis terrarum populi. Liv. Præf.), this should be avoided whenever it is ambiguous which is the governing genitive, or whether one is in apposition, or when a monotony of termination would be produced. Thus we should not say, multitudo spectatorum ornamentorum fanorum, but eorum qui fanorum ornamenta spectabant.

2. The genitive is used to express that one thing is the property or quality of another. This, however, can only

be done when the substantive in the genitive is joined with an adjective; e. gr. not homo ingenii, but homo magni, summi, excellentis ingenii.

Titus fuit facilitatis tantae et liberalitatis, ut nemini quidquam negaret. Eutrop.

Tarquinius fratrem habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii juvenem.

Note 1. See further the rules for the ablative, Sect. LXXII. 9. The ablative is more commonly used, where some temporary state, and not a permanent quality is meant; whence bono sis animo; magna sum alacritate ad dicendum. The construction with the ablative is in general more usual in Cicero with esse. The genitive only can be used of numbers. Navis trecentûm amphorum. Murus pedum sexaginta. Hence the genitive is even used with an adjective of dimension. Fossam sexaginta pedum latam. Caes. B. G. 7, 72.

The genitive must not be supposed to depend upon esse; but if no substantive is expressed, one must be understood, as homo, res, &c.

Note 2. Later authors extend this construction to age. Hamilcar secum duxit filium Hannibalem, annorum novem ; for annos novem natus. Nep. Cato primum stipendium meruit, annorum decem septemque. Id.

3. The genitive is used to express the whole, of which anything is a part (Genitivus partitivus). This is done with substantives as pars, with comparatives if two are spoken of, and superlatives if more than two; e. gr. doctior duorum juvenum, doctissimus Romanorum; and with all words which express a number, whether numerals, adjectives, or pronouns; solus, nullus, nemo, nihil, multi, pauci, quis? quotusquisque, unusquisque,