ADVICE, council, instruction, it appear to have been common till Judges xx. 7. To ADVISE, to the poets represented their gods as give counsel or advice, 1 Kings monsters of lust.

xii. 6. God appointed for the Jews a me ADULLAM, their testimony, their thod of discovering it, however secret. prey, or their ornament, a beautiful When a man suspected his wife's city; and hence called the glory of fidelity, he warned her to avoid priIsrael. Some will have it to have vate intercourse with the suspected been situated in the south-east of the paramour: if she obeyed not, she territory of Judah, near the Dead was brought before the judges of the Sea; but it rather appears to have place, and the presumptions of her stood in the plain, south-west of Je- guilt declared. If she continued to rusalem, near Jarmuth and Azekah, assert her innocence, she was tried Josh. xv. 35. It had anciently a by the water of jealousy. She was king of its own, whom Joshua killed, carried to the place of the tabernachap. xxii. 15. Near to it, David cle and temple, and examined beconcealed himself from Saul in a fore the great council, or Sanhedrim. cave; and hither his parents, and a If she persisted in her denial, she number of valiant men, resorted to was brought to the east gate of the him, 1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2, &c. Reho- outer court, and before vast numbers boam rebuilt and fortified it, 2 Chron. of her own sex, dressed all in black, xi. 7, 8. Sennacherib's army took the priest solemnly adjured her to and plundered it under Hezekiah, declare the truth; and represented Micah i. 15. Judas Maccabæus and her danger in drinking the water of his army solemnly observed the Sab-jealousy if she was guilty. She said bath in the plain adjacent to it. It AMEN: importing a solemn wish that was a place of some note about 400 vengeance might light on her if years after Christ; but has long since guilty. The priest wrote the adjuration and curse on a piece of parchADULTERER and ADULTERESS, ment or bark: he then filled a new (1.) Such men and women as commit earthen vessel with holy water, either adultery, Psalm i. 18. (2.) Such as from one of the sacred basons, or indulge an excessive love to the with the water of purification: he things of this world, James iv. 4. mingled with it some dust taken

been reduced to ruins.

ADULTERY, is either natural, from the pavement of the tabernacle, which, largely taken, comprehends or temple; and having read the all manner of unchastity in heart, writing to the woman, and received speech, and behaviour, such as for- the return of her second AMEN, he nication, incest, and all unnatural washed out the ink, with which the lusts, &c. Exod. xx. 14. But strict-adjuration and curse were written, ly taken, it denotes the violating the into the mixture of dust and water: bed of a married person. Thus we meanwhile, another priest tore the must understand it, where death is upper part of her clothes, uncovered constituted the penalty, and the per- her head, dishevelled her hair, girt sons were not nearly related, Lev. her half-torn garments below her xx. 10. In case one of the persons breast, and presented her with about was betrothed, the crime and pu- a pound and a half of barley-meal in nishment were the same as if married, a frying-pan, without either oil or Deut. xxii. 22-27. Reuben's in- incense, to mark how disagreeable cest with Bilhah is the first act of to God the occasion of this offering adultery we read of. Among the was. The priest, who prepared the heathens, it was long held an horrible bitter water, then caused her to drink crime, Gen. xx. 9. For about 500 it; put the pan with the meal into years, we read of few or no instances her hand, stirred it a little, and burnt of it in the Roman state. Nor does part of it on the altar of burnt-offerVOL. I. F

ing. If the woman was innocent, this Beza, and in above one hundred draught confirmed her health, and consulted by Mill. rendered her fruitful; but if guilty, ADULTERY, in the prophetic she immediately grew pale, her eyes scriptures, is often metaphorically started out of her head, her belly taken, and signifies idolatry, and swelled, her thighs rotted; she was apostacy from God, by which men hurried out of the court, that it might basely defile themselves, and wicknot be polluted with her ignominious edly violate their covenant relation death. It is said, her paramour, to him, Hos. ii 2. Ezek. xiv. and however distant, was at the same xxiii.

time affected in like manner: but, in ADUMMIM, carthly, red, a mouncase the husband was guilty of whore-tain and city near Jericho, and in the dom, it is asserted the bitter water lot of the tribe of Benjamin. It lay had no effect, Numb. v. 12-31. in the way from Jerusalem to Jeri-A woman taken in the very act of cho, and is said to have been much adultery, was brought by the Jews to infested with robbers; and hence Jesus Christ, to try if he would en-perhaps it received its name, which snare himself by acting the part of a signifies the red or bloody ones, Josh. civil judge, in passing sentence xv. 7. and xviii. 17. Here Jesus against her; or contradict the law of lays the scene of his history or paraMoses, in dismissing her without pu- ble of the man that fell among nishment. He bid the accuser, inno- thieves, Luke x. 30-36. cent of the like crime, cast the first ADVOCATE, from advocatus, L. stone at her; their consciences, Among the Romans, a person who awakened by his divine power, undertook the defence of causes, charged home their guilt, and they which he pleaded much in the same went off ashamed. Jesus finding manner that our barristers do at prethat none of them had condemned sent. The advocate differed from her, he, to testify that the end of the procuratores: for it was the busihis coming was not to condemn, ness of these to assist the plaintiff in but to save sinners, and to instruct proving, or the defendant in clearhis ministers not to meddle in civil ing himself in the matter of fact; judgments, condemned her not; but but the advocati, who were also warned her to avoid the like wicked-called patroni, were to defend their ness for the future, John viii. 1-14. client in matter of law. Hence an -The divine authority of this history advocate is one who pleads the cause of the adulteress has been much of another in a court of judicature. questioned. It is wanting in sundry-Jesus Christ is called our Advocate of the ancient translations, and in not with the Father: by his constant apa few of the Greek copies: some co-pearance in the presence of God for pies have it at the end of the 21st of us, he renders our prayers and serLuke; others at the end of John; vice acceptable; he answers all the others have it as a marginal note at charges that the law or justice of God; the 8th of John. Not a few of the that Satan and our own consciences, Greek fathers appear ignorant of its can lay against us; and sues out our authority. But the evidence in its spiritual title to all the benefits of the favour is still more pregnant. Ta-new covenant, 1 John ii. 1. The tian, who lived A. D. 160, and Am-Holy Ghost is called an advocate. In monius, who flourished A. D. 220, opposition to the suggestions of Sahave it in their Harmony of the Gos-tan, of the world, and our lusts, he pels. Athanasius, and all the Latin pleads the cause of Christ at the fathers, acknowledge it. It is found bar of our consciences, and insists on in all the sixteen manuscripts con- his obtaining due honour in our sulted by Robert Stephen; in all but heart and life; and, by aiding our one of the seventeen consulted by prayers, and directing and enabling

us to prosecute them at God's throne as means of conforming them to his of grace, he maketh intercession for image; these are borne for adherence us with groanings that cannot be ut- to his interests, and the truths of the tered, John xiv. 26. Gr. Rom. viii. gospel, Col. i. 24. 2 Tim. i. 8. AFFRIGHTED, AFRAID, filled AFAR, joined with OFF: (1.) At with fear, terror, and dread, Luke a great distance of time or place, xxiv. 37. Deut. i. 7. John vii. 56. Jer. xxxi. 10. (2.)

26.

AFRESH, anew, another time, Apparently estranged in affection; Heb. vi. 6. indisposed and unready to help, Psa. AFTER, (1.) Behind, Job xxx. xxxviii. 11. and x. 1. (3.) Not 5. (2.) Later in time, at the end members of the church, not in a gra-of, Gen. xxxviii. 24. '(3.) Accordcious state of friendship and fellow-ing to the direction and influence of ship with God, Eph. ii. 17. the flesh, or spirit, Rom. viii. 1, 4,

To AFFECT, to stir up, influence, 13. To inquire after, go after, walk Lam. iii. 51. Men's AFFECTIONS, after, follow after, is to search, imi are their desires and inclinations; tate, seek for, serve, worship, Gen. such as love, fear, care, joy, delight, xviii. 12. Exod. i. 11. Job x. 6. &c. Col. iii. 1. Vile affections, are Deut. vi. 14. Hos. xi. 10. inclinations to wallow in shameful, AGABUS, locusts, a prophet, who beastly, and unnatural lusts, Rom. i. foretold the famine that happened in 26. Inordinate affections, or the af- the days of Claudius Cesar, A. D. · fections of the flesh, are irregular de- 44. Acts xi. 28. About A. D. 60, sire, care, joy, fear, &c. Col. iii. 5. he visited Paul at Cesarea, and foreGal. v. 24. told his being bound at Jerusalem, AFFINITY, a relation between Acts xxi. 10. It is said that he sufpersons and families constituted by fered martyrdom at Antioch. MARRIAGE. Solomon made affinity AGAG, roof, floor. It seems to with Pharaoh, by espousing his daugh- have been a common name of the ter, 1 Kings iii. 1. Jehoshaphat kings of Amalek. It appears they joined in affinity with Ahab, when he had a mighty king of this name as took his sister Athaliah to be the wife early as the time of Moses, Numb. of his son Jehoram, 2 Chron. xviii. xxiv. 7. One of this name governTo AFFIRM: (1.) To maintained them in the days of Saul. He the truth of an opinion or report, Acts was extremely cruel and bloody; his xxv. 19. (2.) To teach, 1 Tim. i. 7. sword had bereaved many mothers

To AFFLICT, to distress, vex, of children. Saul, when he was appain, Gen. xv. 13. AFFLICTION de-pointed by God to cut off that whole notes all manner of distress, oppres-nation, spared him with the best of sion, and persecution, Job v. 6. Exod. the flocks. He appeared before Saiii. 7. Mark iv. 17. When laid on muel the prophet with the most definally impenitent sinners, it is pro-licate airs, expressing his hopes, that perly punishment, as it springs from he had no reason to fear a violent. God's wrath, and ends in their ruin, and tormenting death; but the proNah. i. 9. When laid on the saints, it phet with his own hand, or another is fatherly chastisement, springing from by his order, hewed him to pieces God's love to them, and works for before the Lord in Gilgal, 1 Sam. xv. their good, 2 Cor. iv. 17. The saints 8, 20, 32, 33. Haman is called an are represented as an afflicted people; Agagite, probably because he was they endure manifold troubles from an Amalekite, and of the blood royal, God, from Satan, the world, and their Esth. iii. 1. own lusts, Psa. xviii. 27. Zeph. iii. AGAIN, (1.) A second time, Gen. 12. They fill up what is behind of viii. 21. (2.) Come back, Prov. the afflictions of Christ,' and' par-ii. 19.

take of the afflictions of the gospel ;' AGAINST, (1.) In opposition to, ·

Acts xxviii. 22. Gen. xvi. 12. Directly facing, Numb viii. 2. By the time when, 2 Kings xvi. AGAPE. This is a Greek word, AGATE, an almost transparent and signifies properly love. The precious stone, variegated with feasts of love which were in use veins and clouds, composed of crysamong the Christians of the primi- tal, debased by a small quantity of tive church, were called by this earth. It is not formed by incrustaname. They were celebrated in tions round a nucleus, nor made up memory of the last supper which of plates; but seemingly the effect Jesus Christ made with his apostles, of one concretion, and variegated when he instituted the holy eucha-merely by the disposition which the rist. These festivals were kept in fluids in which they were formed the church, towards the evening, af- gave their differently coloured matter the common prayers were over, ter. Agates are excellent for burand the word of salvation had been nishing of gold, and sealing of wax. heard. When this was done, the Some of them have a whitish ground, faithful ate together with great sim-as the dendrachates or mocoa-stone, plicity and union, what every one the phassachates and another sort, had brought with him: so that the the hamachates, sardachates, &c. rich and the poor were no way dis- have a reddish ground; the ceratinguished. chates and leonteseres have a yelAfter a frugal and moderate supper, lowish ground; the jaspachates, they partook of the Lord's body and and some others, have a greenish blood, and gave each other the kiss ground. The sardachates is most

(2.) | sacrifices and first-fruits appointed (3.) by the law, which were to be set 11. apart for this purpose.

of peace. This custom, so good and esteemed. The agate was the 2d laudable in its origin, soon dege-stone in the third row of the high nerated, and was abused. St. Paul, priest's breastplate, Exod. xxviii. in his first epistle to the Corinthians, 19. The Syrians traded with agates complains, that so early as in his time in the Tyrian fairs, Ezek. xxvii. 16. the rich despised the poor in these The windows of the gospel church assemblies, and would not conde-are of agates; her ministers and orscend to eat with them: "When ye diances which enlighten her are come together," says he," in one pure, and diversified in gifts, Isa. place, this is not to eat the Lord's liv. 12.

supper; for in eating every one AGE, (1.) The whole continutaketh before another his own sup-ance of one's life, Gen. xlvii. 28. per, and one is hungry, and another (2.) The time of life when a woman is drunken; what, have ye not is able to bear children, Heb. xi. 11. houses to eat and to drink in? or (3.) The time when a man's natural despise ye the church of God, and powers and faculties are at their pershame them that have not? What fection, or near it, John ix. 21, 23. shall I say to you? shall I praise you Eph. iv. 13. (4.) Long continuance in this? I praise you not." The of life, Job v. 26. Zech. viii. 4, (5.) Jews had certain devotional enter- A period of time, past, present, or tainments, which had some relation future, Eph. iii. 5. and ii. 7. (6.) to the agape we are speaking of. The people living in such periods, Upon their great festival-days they Col. i. 26. made feasts for their family, their The duration of the world has been friends, and relations; to these they divided by AGES. The patriarchal invited the priests, the poor, and age continued 2513 years from the orphans, and sent portions to them creation of the world to the departof their sacrifices. These repasts ture of the Hebrews from Egypt. were made in the temple, and before The ceremonial age 1491 years, from the Lord; and there were certain the mission of Moses to the incarna

tion of Christ. The chronology of nerally thought. The duration of the vulgar Chinese, and of the an- the Old Testament may be more parcient Chaldeans and Egyptians, far ticularly divided into, (1.) The Anteexceeds our reckoning. By adding| diluvian age, that ended at the flood, an hundred years to the age of a great A. M. 1656, Gen. v. (2.) The age many of the patriarchs before Abra- of the dispersion, consisting of 426 ham, prior to the birth of their suc-years, and ending with the call of ceeding children, the Greek version Abraham, A. M. 2082, Gen. xi.of the Old Testament extends the (3.) The age of sojourning, from the period before the flood to 2261 years; call of Abraham to the deliverance and the period thence to Abraham's of the Hebrews from Egypt, consistentrance into Canaan, to 1125. It ing of 430 years, Exod. xil. 40. and is probable that the author or authors ending 4. M. 2512. (4.) The age of this version ascribed to the Se- of the tabernacle, consisting of 480 venty, used such freedom with the years, and ending at the foundation sacred oracles, that, under pretence of Solomon's temple, 4. M. 2992, of taking the ancient years for months, 1 Kings vi. 1. (5.) The age of sothey might reconcile the longevity of lomon's temple, consisting of 424 the patriarchs to the common stan-years, and ending with the burning dard of life in their time. Vossius of it by Nebuchadnezzar, A. M. and Pezron have with great zeal at-3416. (6.) The age of Zerubbabel's tempted to establish this chronology, temple, consisting of 588 years, and under pretence that it tallies better ending at the commencement of the with profane history, and accounts Christian era, which is supposed to for the multitudes of men in the ear-be two or three years after the birth lier ages of the world. That pre-of Christ, A. M. 4004. tence is entirely groundless: for at AGONY, painful conflict, racka moderate calculation there might ing and tormenting trouble in soul be 80,000,000,000 persons in the or body, Luke xxii. 44.

world in the year of the flood, which To AGREE, (1.) To bargain with, was A. M. 1656. The sixteen grand-Matt. xx. 2, 13. (2.) To approve, sons of Noah might produce sundry consent to, Acts v. 40. (3.) To be thousands against the building of like to, Mark xiv. 56, 70. (4.) To Babel, even suppose we should place conspire, resolve together, John ix. it at the birth of Peleg, in the 101st 22. (5.) To be reconciled to, Maft. year after the flood. And if, with v. 25. the authors of the Universal History, AGRIPPA, the son of HEROD we place it 252 years later, there Agrippa. He was at Rome with might be still many thousands more. the emperor Claudius when his faWe have no authority for the vast ther died, A. D. 44. The emperor multitudes of men in the early ages was inclined to bestow on him the after the flood, but that of Cresias. whole dominions possessed by his one of the most romantic writers father; but his courtiers dissuaded that ever breathed. Stillingfleet in him from it. The next year the gohis Origines Sacra, Bedford in his vernor of Syria thought to have comChronology, and Shuckford in his pelled the Jews to lodge the ornaConnexions, &c. have shown how ments of their high priest in the well the chronology of our Bible tal- tower of Antonia, under the custody lies with such profane history as de- of the Roman guard; but, by the inserves credit. Sir Isaac Newton, influence of Agrippa, they were alhis Chronology of ancient kingdoms lowed by the emperor to keep them amended, has rendered it sufficiently in their own custody. A. D. 49, probable, that the states mentioned Herod, king of Chalcis, his uncle, in the history of the Greeks were not died, and he was by the emperor by far so early founded as was ge- constituted his successor; but four