ed, and delivered up to be crucified, power, 2 Cor. xiii. 4. compare 1 Matt. xxvii. 26. It was also a cus- Pet. iii. 18. He is crucified afresh tom, that he who was to be crucified, when his person or office is despised, should bear his own cross to the hated, and blasphemed, and his gosplace of execution. After this man-pel utterly rejected, Heb. vi. 6. The ner we find was our Saviour com- saints are crucified with Christ ; in pelled to bear his own cross; and, his death he represented them, and as he sunk under the burden, Simon it, applied to their conscience, renders the Cyrenian was constrained to bear them dead to the law, to sin, and to it after him and with him. the world, and effectuates the death There were several ways of cruci- of their indwelling corruption, Gal. fying; sometimes the criminal was ii. 20. Their old man is crucified fastened with cords to a tree: some- with him; and by their sharing of times he was crucified with his head the virtue of his dying love, they are downwards. This way St. Peter enabled through the Spirit to mortify chose, out of respect to his master Je- the deeds of it, Rom. vi. 6. Gal. v. sus Christ, not thinking himself wor- 24. By him and his cross they are thy to be crucified like him; though crucified to the world, and the world the common way of crucifying was, to them; by their professedly cleav by fastening the criminal with nails, ing to him, and the doctrine of his one through each hand, and one cross, they become contemptible to through both feet, or one through wicked and worldly men, and are each of them; for this was not al-separated from them: the world is ways performed in the same manner. to them as a dead malefactor, that The criminal was fixed to the cross has murdered their soul, and caused quite naked; and in all probability them to dishonour their God, Gal. the Saviour of the world was not vi. 14.

used with any greater tenderness The whole sufferings of Christ are than others upon whom this punish- called his CROSS; as on it he suffered ment was inflicted. The soldiers di- in the most tremendous manner, in vided his clothes among them, and both soul and body at once, Eph. ii. cast lots for his tunic, Matt. xxvii. 16. Heb. xii. 2. The doctrine of 35. and John xix. 23, 24. which is his sufferings is called his cross, 1 an under-garment worn over the Cor. i. 18. Gal. v. 11. and vi 12. flesh, like a shirt. Enemies to his cross, are such as unIt was sometimes two or three days dermine the necessity or virtue of before the person expired: hence his death, by their doctrine, worldly the legs of the thieves crucified with care, or licentious life, Phil. iii. 18. Christ were broken, that their death Troubles and afflictions, chiefly those might be hastened: and it was ow-endured for Christ, are called a cross ; ing to the voluntariness of his death, they are painful, lingering, and atthat Jesus so quickly expired. An tended with shame in the view of inscription, representing the cause carnal men; and to take up this of the punishment, was ordinarily cross, is cheerfully to submit to it, written on a table at the top of the from love to Christ, Matt. xvi. 24. cross. It is observable how the inscription on Christ's, instead of charging him with a crime, plainly hinted his innocence and Messiahship nor could the Heathen governor be prevailed on to alter it. Christ was CROUCH, to cringe towards the crucified through the weakness of his earth. The crouching of the wicked, humanity, but liveth by the power in order to take the poor, signifies, of God: was raised from the dead, the low and base methods he takes to and lives for ever by his own divine oppress him, and the hiding of his

CROSSWAY, the place where one way passeth through another, and where, consequently, fugitives and travellers are most readily met with, Obad. 14.

designs till he accomplish them, holiness, and happiness, to Christ, Psal. x. 10. and to God in him, Rev. iv. 4, 10. CROWN, (1.) The top of the A good wife is a crown, an honour, head, Isa. i. 6. (2.) A cap of state, and cause of wealth and power, to worn on the heads of sovereign her husband, Prov. xii. 4. So are princes, to denote their power and au- children a crown to their parents, thority, 1 Chron. xx. 2. In allusion Prov. xvii. 6. A hoary head, or to this, our Saviour was crowned gray hairs are a crown; an honourwith thorns, John xix. 5. (3.) A cap able badge of wisdom and authority, given in reward to one who had Prov. xx. 29. and xvi. 31. Riches been most active in taking a city, are a crown to the wise, as they gain, gaining battle, or winning a game and lay them out, honourably, Prov. or dispute. Such crowns were often xiv. 24. Honour, wealth, and auno more than twigs of palm-tree, thority are called a crown, Prov. olive, laurel, ivy, &c. 1 Cor. ix. 25. xvii. 6. and xxvii. 24. and iv. 9. (4.) A cap worn by persons on their The beautiful crown given to the marriage-day, and which, it seems, Jews at their marriage-covenant was put on by their mother, Song iii. with God, and which fell from their 11. (5.) The crown worn by the head at their captivity, was their hohigh priest, which fastened his mi- nourable renown, glorious wealth, tre on his head, and on whose golden and beautiful order and government plate, fixed to the forehead, was in- of church and state, Ezek. xvi. 12. scribed, Holiness to the Lord, Exod. Lam. v. 16. The seven crowns of the xxviii. 36. and xxix. 6. (6.) Any red dragon, are supposed to be the thing that adds honour and glory to seven forms of government, by kings, one. Thus the Lord was a crown of consuls, dictators, decemvirs, triglory, and a diadem of beauty to Ju- bunes, emperors, Heathen and Chris dah; he protected, exalted, and re- tian, and Gothic kings, or exarchs, formed them, when the ten tribes that successively obtained at Rome; were carried into captivity, Isa. and the great glory of that state, xxviii. 5. with 2 Chron. xxix.- Rev. xii. 3. The ten crowns of the xxxii. The church is a crown of Antichristian beast, are the pope's glory, and a royal diadem, to God; in authority over, and command of, all her his glory, power, and authority, the glory of the ten different kingare clearly displayed, Isa. Ixii. 3. doms, formed out of the Romish emZech. ix. 16. Christ's crown of gold, pire in the west, Rev. xiii. 1. his many crowns, are the mediatorial To CROWN, (1.) To put on a power, authority, and glory, assigned crown, 2 Tim. ii. 5. (2.) To pro bim by his Father; his victory and tect, enrich, honour, Psal. ciii. 4. sovereignty, and the ascription of all The crowned of Assyria were as the praise and honour to him, by the locusts; their princes and great men church, Psal. cxxxii. 18. Rev. xix. were exceedingly numerous, Nah. 12. Saints are a crown to ministers; iii. 17. Tyre is called a crowning are the ornament and honour of their city, because of her royal governlabours, Phil. iv. 1. 1 Thess. ii. 19. ment, her great glory, power, and The saints' crown of glory, life, and wealth, above others, Isa. xxiii. 8. righteousness, is that royal and truly CRUDDLE, to thicken the semihonourable state of glory, life, and nal substance in the womb, till it be holiness, promised them through Je-formed into flesh and bones, as milk sus Christ, Rev. iii. 11. and ii. 10. is thickened in order to make cheese, 1 Pet. v. 4. 2 Tim. iv. 8. The saints Job x. 10. cast their crowns before God's throne; CRUEL, hard-hearted, fierce, barthey undervalue themselves, and all barous, Gen. xlix. 7. The tender they have, in comparison of him; mercies of the wicked are cruel ; and ascribe their whole existence, even their kindness ensnares and VOL. I.

2 S

murders men's souls, Prov. xii. 10. | shall make solemn profession of their To breathe out cruelty, is to utter relation to God, and earnestly seek threatenings, and to delight in doing help, Hos. viii. 2. To cry in Leba mischief, Psal. xxvii. 12.

CRUMBS. Miraculous benefits done to poor Gentiles, are likened to crumbs let fall to dogs under the table, Matt. xv. 27.

CRUSE, a small vessel of glass, &c. for holding water, oil, &c. 1 Sam. xxvi. 11

CRUSH, (1.) To bruise, Numb. xxii. 25. (2.) To tread to pieces, Job xxxix. 15. (3.) To oppress grievously, Job xx. 15. (4.) To ruin almost utterly, Jer. li. 34.

non and Bashan, is to wail aloud as on hill-tops, in a most destitute case; to cry for help from every quarter; and to utter bitter lamentations, as they went out of their land into the Babylonish captivity, Jer. xxii. 20.

CRYSTAL, a hard, transparent, and a naturally colourless fossil, of a regular angular form. It is composed of simple, not twisted, thready, plates; it is neither flexible nor elastic; nor gives it any fire with steel. There are three kinds of pure crystal, To CRY, (1.) To make a loud noise besides various sorts mixed with with the voice, Eccl. ix. 17. Matt. other different substances. Crystal xxi. 15. (2.) Bitter lamentation and was anciently found in an island of the mourning, Exod. xi. e. and xii. 30. Red Sea, and the cups and other ves(3.) Horrible complaints of oppressels made of it were reckoned exsion and injustice, Isa. v. 7. (4.) Ear-ceedingly valuable. Pliny mentions nest prayer, as in great strait and dan- one worth 1250l. sterling. To puger, and with strong desire, Exod. nish the men of his generation, Nero xiv. 15. Psal. xvii. 1. (5.) The earnest furiously broke two crystal cups. desire of beasts for their food, and But it is now of far less esteem, Job their eager expression of it, Psal. xxviii. 17. The firmament above cxiv. 9. God's crying, imports his the cherubim, the sea of glass before earnest warning of his people, Isa. the throne of God, the river of life, xxx. 7. and the exertion of his power, and the light of the new Jerusalem, in awful providences for their de-are likened to crystal, to denote their liverance, Isa. xlii. 14. Jesus crying purity, clearness, and illuminating to men, imports his earnestly warn- influence, Ezek. i. 22. Rev. iv. 6. ing them of their infinitely danger-and xxii. 1. and xxi. 11. ous condition; rousing them from CUBIT, the measure between the their spiritual sleep and slumber; and point of a man's elbow and the exhis hearty invitation of them to re-tremity of his middle finger. The ceive his blessings, Prov. i. 21. and cubit is commonly reckoned half & viii. 1. Zech. vii. 13. His not crying yard, or 18 inches; but the Jewish nor lifting up his voice in the streets, sacred cubit was an hand-breadth imports his lowliness, meekness, and more, amounting to 21,888 inches, patience, in his humiliation, Isa. Ezek. xliii. 13. Some imagine the xlii. 2. The cry of Abel's blood; of sacred cubit to have been the double Sodom's sin; of the wall built by op- of the common; and that the pillars pressive and unjust means; and of in the porch of Solomon's temple the hire of the labourer kept back by were 35 common cubits, and but 18 fraud; imports the sure connexion sacred ones, in height, 1 Kings vii. there is between murder, unclean- 15. 2 Chron. iii. 15, but these texts ness, or fraud, and a sudden and may be otherwise reconciled, by fearful punishment; and that even taking the height of one pillar to be irrational creatures are ready to bear almost 18 cubits, and the height of witness against us of our guilt, Gen. both taken together 35. It is proxiv. 10. and xviii. 21. Hab. ii. 11. bable the Chaldean cubit was but 18 Jam. v. 4. Israel shall cry, My God, inches, Dan. iii. 1. we know thee; in their distress they

CUCKOW, a solitary bird, whose

beak is smooth; its nostrils hang a grieve ministers and saints, fill up little forward; its tongue is shaped room to no purpose, and hinder the somewhat like an arrow; it has four spiritual growth of others, Luke toes, two before and two behind; xiii. 7. its bulk is almost equal to that of the sparrow hawk.

The Mal

CUMMIN, a plant somewhat like It is rather beauti-fennel, and which produces its blos ful, the head, neck, and back, of a soms and branches in the form of a The Jews sowed it in hoary colour, with some dark-gray nosegay. feathers; the wings of a brownish their fields, and threshed it out with black, and the belly whitish. It de-a rod, Isa. xxviii. 25, 27. parts from our country in the end of tese sow it in the same manner.it. harvest, and returns in spring. But Doves with pleasure feed on Bochart, and others, will have the The oil of it is thought to be of conSHACHAPH to be not the cuckow, siderable use in rheumatisms. but the sea-gull, a fowl about the bigness of a hen, but very light, Lev. xi. 16. Deut. xiv. 15.

CUNNING, (1.) Skilful, artful, Gen. xxv. 27. and Exod. xxxi. 4. and xxxv. 35. (2.) Crafty, deceit

CUCUMBER, a plant. The flow-ful, Eph. iv. 14. CUP, (1.) A drinking vessel made er consists of one leaf, fashioned like a bell, divided into several parts; of gold, silver, glass, wood, or the the fruit is fleshly as an apple, and like, Gen. xl. 13. (2.) The liquor contains three cells, where the nu-contained in it, 1 Cor. xi. 27. As by merous seeds are placed in two rows. cups, men's shares of liquor were Tournefort mentions six kinds, of given them and affected them dif which the white, and especially the ferently, the share of any thing is green, are reckoned the best. They called a cup. So the soul-satisfying require a good deal of heat to pro- inheritance of the saints is called the duce them. Plenty of cucumbers portion of their cup, Psa. xvi. 5. and grew in Palestine, and in Egypt, the wicked men's share of endless where they were the common food misery, is their cup, Psa. xi. 6. An of slaves and poor people, Isa. i. 8. abundant share of blessings, prospeNumb. xi. 5. Cucumbers in warm rity, joy, and salvation, is called a climates, are an excellent cooler to cup, Psa. xxiii. 5. and cxvi. 13. and the stomach, and are of use in fevers a share of terrible afflictions is called and nephritic distempers. The un-a cup, Psa. lxxv. 8. Isa. li. 17. Matt. reasonable Israelites, when plenti- xx. 23. and xxvi. 39. John xviii. 11. fully fed with manna from heaven, The cup of devils, is liquor drunk at ungratefully made light of the gift idolatrous feasts, and sinful revels, 1 and the giver; basely preferring Cor. x. 21. Babylon is called a golcucumbers, melons, lecks, and onions, den cup; great was her riches and to it; and their own will to the will wealth, and by her did the Lord inand wisdom of their gracious Lord. flict his judgments on the nations, Antichrist is The daughter of Zion was left as a Jer. li. 7. and xxv. Lodge in a garden of cucumbers, when said to have a golden cup, to denote the neighbouring towns and villages her abundant luxury, power, and were laid waste, Numb. xi. 5. Isa. wealth, and the specious means i. 8.

CUD, the inner part of the throat in cattle, by means whereof they chew their food, when it returns upwards after being swallowed, Rev. xi. 3-7. Deut. xiv. 6-8.

whereby she seduces the nations to idolatry, superstition, and error, Rev. xvii. 4. The cup, or wine, in the Lord's supper, is called a cup of blessing? it is solemnly set apart and dedicated to an holy use, and all the

To CUMBER, to trouble, vex. Bar-blessings of the new covenant are Cor. x. 16. ren professors in the church cumber represented by it, 1 God's ground; they offend God, they To take the cup of salvation, is, with

cheerful joy, gratitude, and praise, to take hold of, and improve, God's deliverances, Psalm cxvi. 13. There seems to be here an allusion to the drinking of the wine at the feast of the peace-offering. To drink the cup of trembling, or of the fury of the Lord, is to be afflicted with sore and terrible judgments, Isa. li. 17. Psa. lxxv. 8. Jer. xxv. 15-29. Matt. xx. 23,

CURE, deliverance from disease. To cure a person, is to heal his body or mind of diseases and troubles, Luke vii. 21. To cure a church or state, is to reform them, and restore them to order, freedom, power, and wealth, Jer. xxxiii. 6. and xlvi. 11. CURIOUS, (1.) Made with great art, Exod. xxviii. 8. (2.) Mysterious, magical, Acts xix. 19.

ordains that no one curse the prince of his people, id. xxii. 28. or one that is deaf, Lev. xix. 14. In the gospel our Saviour pronounces those of his disciples to be blessed, who are loaded with curses, and requires them to bless those that curse them; to render blessing for cursing, Matt. v. 11. Luke vi. 23. and Rom. xii. 14.

For the ceremony of pronouncing the blessings and cursings from mount Ebal and Gerizim, see the article EBAL.

God, from the beginning, denounced his curse against the serpent, and against the earth, which thenceforth was to produce briers and thorns; it should produce both fewer and worse fruits, and that with more trouble of men's minds, and labour of their bo dies, Gen. iii. 14, 17. He cursed CURRENT MONEY, is what pass- Cain also, who had imbrued his eth well, and is readily received, hands in the blood of his brother Gen. xxiii. 16, Abel, id. iv. 11. He was devoted CURSE. To curse, signifies to to destruction, cast out from God's imprecate, to call down mischief up-presence, and the communion of the on, or to wish evil to, any one. Noah church, and the society of his kin cursed his grandson Canaan, in his dred and acquaintance, and wanderperson and posterity, Gen. ix. 25. ed from one country to another, by Jacob cursed the fury of his two sons reason of the trouble and perplexity Simeon and Levi, who massacred the of his conscience. The divine maShechemites, and plundered their ledictions are not merely impreca city, id. xlix. 7. Moses enjoins the tions, impotent and faithless desires: people of Israel to denounce curses they carry their effects with them. against the violators of the law, Deut. and are attended with all the misexxvii. 15, 16, &c. And Joshua (vi.ries denounced by the Lord. 26.) cursed him who should under- CURTAIN, (1.) A hanging for a take to rebuild Jericho. These curses bed, court, tent, or house, &c. 1 Sam. were either ordained by God himself, vii. 2. (2.) Dwellings, TENTS, Hab. and pronounced by men abounding iii. 7. (3.) Outward wealth, order, with the Spirit, or were predictions or other accommodations, Jer. iv. 20. of what evil should happen to a per- and x. 20. The visible heaven reson or people, uttered in the terms sembles a curtain; great is its glory of imprecations, which had their ac- and extent; and it is spread betwixt complishment. They were not the us and the vailed brightness of the effects of passion, impatience, or re- glorified state, Isa. xl. 22. venge, and therefore were not such CUSH, black, (1.) The eldest son as God condemns in his word. For of Ham, and father of Nimrod, Seba, example, he ordains that no one Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabshall presume to curse his father or techa, and the grandfather of Sheba his mother, upon pain of death, Ex. and Dedan. His posterity took up xxi. 17. He shall not wish any mis- their primitive abodes on the east chief to befall them, nor use any kind and west of the lower part of the of malicious, reviling speeches, which Euphrates; and in Arabia, chiefly argue a contempt of his parents. He that part of it called the Happy,