8. Promere. Depends upon descende. Comp. O. iii., 28, 7. - -9. Socraticis. Such as are found in Plato and Xenophon. Comp. A. P. 310. 10. Horridus. With too much sternness. — -11. Prisci Catonis. Cato Major, called also the Censor. Cicero gives a pleasant description of his habits, in his de Senec. chaps. 14-16. Comp. Bibliotheca Sacra, for May, 1846, p. 237.- -13. Lene tormentum. Gentle torture. Comp. Epist. i., 18, 38; A. P. 435. The poet means: As real tortures, the rack, etc., compel the guilty to confession, so wine, quasi lene tormentum, softens by its agreeable violence, men of hard natures. 16. Lyaeo. Abl. of instrument. On the word, comp. n. O. i., 7, 22. Compare with the whole passage, Ovid, A. A. 1, 237, seqq.- -18. Cornna. Cornua, by a figure of eastern origin, indicates courage and strength. Voss translates: des Muthes Hörner.-Ovid says, in the passage referred to in preceding note: tunc pauper cornua sumit. - -22. Segnessolvere. Slow to loosen; that is, who never loosen; the ever-united Graces. The Graces are always so represented in ancient as well as in modern art. Comp. the Greek xápites ov(vyla. Eurip. Hipp. 1147. With Venus, the Graces (whom Horace calls decentes, O. i., 4, 6) were to be present, to maintain the decorum of the occasion.

ODE XXII.

The poet dedicates a pine tree to Diana, and vows to the goddess a yearly sacrifice.

3. Ter. See n. Epist.

2. Laborantes utero; i. e. parturientes. ii., 1, 36. ———4. Triformis. In heaven, Luna, on earth, Diana, and in the infernal regions, Hecate. Comp. Virg. Aen. 4, 511. - -5. Villae. On his Sabine farm. -6. Exactos annos. Quotannis; with every completed year. -7. Obliquum. In allusion to the way in which the teeth of the boa are set. So Ovid says, Her. 4, 104, nec obliquo dente timendus aper.

ODE XXIII.

The poet assures the rustic Phidyle, that the favor of the gods is gained, not by costly offerings, but by piety, and a blameless life.

1. Supinas. Up-turned; i. e. the palms upward; in distinction from pronas. This was usual with the ancients, in supplication. Comp. Virg. Aen. 3, 176; 4, 205; Liv. 26, 9. 2. Nascente Luna. On the Calends.

See n. O. iii., 19, 9. -8. Grave tempus; the autumn, on account of the prevailing south winds. See O. ii., 14, 15. The adjective is also thus used in Sat. ii., 6, 18; and Livy, 3, 6.- -10. Devota; i. e. destined for sacrifice. Comp. O. iv., 2, 55, vitulus-qui-juvenescit in mea vota. Comp. Virg. Georg. 3, 157, seqq. 16. Deos. The little images of the household gods, in the atrium of the house. nis-mica. Immunis means free from guilt, innocent. the abl. For the force of the perfects tetigit, mallivit, see n. O. i., 28, 20. Orelli gives the construction thus: Immunis manus si tetigit aram, mollivit aversos Penates farre pio et saliente mica, non blandior (futura) sumptuosa hostia.

-17-20. ImmuSumptuosa is in

ODE XXIV.

As in the Fourteenth Ode of Book Second, so here also, the poet inveigns against the luxury and corruption of his countrymen, and draws in contrast a picture of the manners of ruder, but simpler and more virtuous nations. In allusion, doubtless, to the plans and efforts of Angustus, he declares, that he who would do aught for the real and permanent good of the country, must bring about a total reformation of manners, and the restoration of a purer and better discipline.

3. Caementis. 6. Summis

1. Intactis. By the Romans. Comp. O. i., 29, 1. See n. O. iii., 1, 35, in connection with n. O. ii., 18, 21. verticibus. To be understood of the tops of houses, as is manifest from the preceding caementis; for, by the caementa, the moles were formed, on which were erected villas and other buildings. Some understand sum, verticibus to refer to the heads of men, the owners of such villas; but this view is not to be accepted. The image of dread Necessity fastening adamantine spikes into the tops of lofty buildings is sufficiently bold, but to represent Necessity driving such spikes into a human head is scarcely less than ludicrous, certainly quite unworthy of Horace. In illustration of Necessitas and of clavos, see O. i., 35, 18.. 9. Campestres; i. e. "in campis (the Steppes of Tartary) viventes;" like voμádes, nomadic; in allusion to the wandering, Arab-like life of the Scythians. They are called profugi in O. i., 35, 9; and iv., 14, 42. Described by Homer, and many succeeding writers, as a people of simple manners, and upright life. Hom. Il. 13, 9; Strabo vii., p. 464; Dio Chrys. Ov. 69, p. 369, R.-10. Plaustra-domos. So Aeschylus, Prom. 709: vávovo Scythis migrare per arva, Mos -10. Bite. According to their

'EUKÚKλOLS Exous. And Silius, 3, 291: atque errantes, circumvectare Penates.· custom; as in Virg. Aen. 9, 352. - 11. Getae. A Thracian people, who lived on the Danube, and the borders of the Euxine. - - 12. Immetata. Virg. Georg. 1, 126, mentions it as one of the features of the

primeval times, the golden age, that the land was not divided and marked out by boundaries. So also Ovid, Met. 1, 135.- -13. Fruges et Cererem. By Hendiadys for fruges Cereris. -14. Longior annua. This feature of primitive life, Horace seems to have borrowed from Caesar's account of the Suevi, B. G. 4, 1: Centum pagos habere dicuntur, e quibus quotannis singula millia armatorum bellandi causa educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserint, se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus anno post in armis sunt; illi domi remanent.-Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet.Comp. Tac. Germ. 26. – 16. Aequali-sorte; must be joined with vi

carius.

Vicarius is he who succeeds, and he succeeds under just the same conditions. -18. Temperat; like parcit; spares, i. e. is kindly to. So Cic. in Verrem, 2, 2, non solum sociis-consuluit, verum etiamhostibus temperavit. 21. Dos est-virtus. As Horace says, O. iv. 4, 29, fortes creantur fortibus et bonis. Plautus has also an illustrative passage, which is quoted by Orelli and Dillenb.: it is in Amphit. ii., 2, 207: Non ego illam dotem mi esse duco, quae dos dicitur; sed pudicitiam et pudorem et sedatam cupidinem, Deûm metum, parentum amorem, et cognatûm concordiam.—The form parentium occurs very seldom, though similar ones are found, even in prose, e. g. civitatium. — 24. Et peccare. With this line, illic (1. 17) must be repeated. Peccare refers to violation of castitas. Aut=alioquin, else, if otherwise. To commit (that offence) is (deemed) the utmost wickedness, or else (that is, if the offence is committed), the penalty is death. 26. Civicam. See n. O. ii., 1, 1. ———27. Pater urbium. The poet probably alludes to Augustus. Comp introd. to Ode 6th of this Book. The words, however, are not a title of Augustus, nor to be confounded with pater patriae. See n. O. i., 2, 50. ——— 35. As illustrative of the same sentiment, comp. the words of Tacitus, Germ. 19: Bonae leges minus valent quam boni mores. 42. Magnum. Repeat the si from 1. 36. Opprobrium is in apposition with pauperies.

46. Turba faventium. Such donations were solemnly deposited in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, amidst the applauding shouts of the people. Favere is often used in the sense of applaud. So Livy, 1, 25, clamore, qualis-faventium solet. -57. Gracco. Used in contempt; as the Roman sports were more manly and healthful. So Juvenal, with yet more reason, satirizes the adoption of Grecian manners, in Sat. 3, 67:

"Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna. Quirine,
Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo."

He speaks Comp. Ovid,

57. Legibus. There was such a law in Cicero's time. of persons condemned by it, in Oratt. Philippicae, 2, 23. Trist. 2, 470.60. Consortem socium. Partner in business. - 62. Properet. Used transitively, like deproperare, O. ii., 7, 24, where see

note.

64. Cartae. Small; that is, in the opinion of the unsatisfied possessor. Comp. O. iii., 16. 28, inter opes inops; and Epist. i. 2, 56.

ODE XXV.

A dithyrambic ode, in which the rapt poet sings anew, and in yet loftier strains, the praises of Augustus.

2. Nemora. Like specus, depends upon in. See Z. § 778. Comp. the similar language, at the beginning of O. ii. 19. - -4. Antris. Abl case; the preposition omitted, as often in poetry. It means grottoes, and is a finer, more poetic word than specus. Audiar. Future tense; and also dicam, 1. 7. -5. Meditans-inserere. The infinitive, as frequently in poetic use, for ad inserendum. 6. Consilio. Comp. O. iii., 3, 17, consiliantibus divis. 9. Exsomnis. Ever-wakeful, literally, sleepless. Like exsanguis, exlex, and similar words, where ex has the same force. In this and the following lines, the poet in his rapture, compares himself to a Bacchanal, and contemplates, with like amazement, the strange regions into which he is borne.. -10. Hebrum. A river in Thrace, where also the mountain Rhodope. - 11. Barbaro. Of the Thracians, who, like the Phrygians, are always so designated by the Greek poets. The allusion is to the wild orgies of the Bacchantes. 12. Ut. Join with non secus. Non secus-ut, not otherwise-than, just-as. 19. Lenaee. From Anvòs, god of the wine-press. Lenaean. 20. Cingentem; sc. sibi. Comp. O. iv., 8, 33.

ODE XXVI.

Scorned by the haughty Chloe, the poet, like a discharged soldier, will abandon the arts of love, but begs of Venus, as a last request, that his slighted love may not go una. venged.

--

2. Militavi. A frequent poetic figure. Comp. O. iv., 1, 16; Ovid, Am. i., 9, 1.- -4. Hic paries-latus. The poet represents himself in the temple of Venus, where he will hang up his lyre, and the arma, mentioned in lines 6, 7; and this he will do on the wall, to the left of the statue of the goddess, therefore on the right-hand wall of the tem

ple.

6. Custodit. Like Latus tegere in Sat. ii., 5, 18; but more elegant. -7. Funalia; torches, made of ropes, covered with pitch; vectes, crowbars arcus, bows, added in jest, perhaps to use with the janitores, in terrore; all these, instruments carried about by night-revellers, with

which to accomplish their purposes.

-9. Cyprum. Comp. O. i., 3, 1;

was a celebrated

i., 30, 2.. -10. Memphin. In this Egyptian city temple of Venus. On Sithonia, comp. n. O. i., 18, 9.

ODE XXVII.

The poet seeks to dissuade Galatea from braving the perils of a voyage in the season of autumn. Deprecating all evil omens (1-12), he urges a consideration of the autumnal storms, which she must needs encounter (13-24), and sets forth, in tones of warning, the story of Europa (25-76).

In verses 1-7, the poet speaks of ill omens, which the wicked, not Galatea, my fear; and (9-12) asks for her only favorable auguries.

3. Rava. Grayish; the color, according to Festus, between flavus and caesius. —Lanuvino. Lanuvium, a town on the right of the Appia via, the road on which Galatea was to set out on her journey. See n. on 1. 12. -10. Divina; prophetic, as in A. P. 218. 11. Oscinem corvum. Birds furnished auguries in two ways; by their singing, and by their flight; hence called oscines, and alites or praepetes.· -12. Solis ab ortu. On the east; that is, from the left of the augur; as the Romans, in taking the auspices, faced the south, and therefore had the east on their left, and the west on their right; whence, with them, the lucky omens came from the left, since only from the eastern quarter of the heavens, as it was believed, could such omens come. The Greek augur faced the north, and therefore found his favorable auguries on his right. See Dict. Antiqq.- -13. Sis Heet. See n. O. i., 28, 35.

-15. Laevus. Here, contrary to ordinary Roman usage, the corvus and the picus gave lucky omens on the right. Dillenb. adds Ovid, Ibis, 128, a laeva moesta volavit avis. -18. Pronus; ad occasum vergens, setting; like devexus, O. i., 28, 21.—19. Novi. I know by my own experience; referring, perhaps, to his voyage from Greece to Italy. Albus. See n. O. i., 7, 15. Its very clearness might however mislead the sailor or voyager. Comp. n. O. i., 3, 4. - 21. Hostium. A similar imprecation in Virg. Georg. 3, 513. Comp. O. i., 21, 13, seqq.28. Palluit audax. Palluit with acc. like silere, O. i., 12, 21. Audax is elegantly put in contrast with credidit latus. The story was, that Europa was carried off by Jupiter under the form of a white bull, across the sea from Phoenicia to the island of Crete. At first, charmed by the beauty of the creature, she boldly ventured to mount him, but soon was terrified by the monsters and perils of the deep. Translate: And yet, bold as she was, she soon grew pale at. -34-36. Pater-furore. Father, alas for the name of daughter, which I have abandoned, and for my filial affection, overcome by mad folly! The poet beautifully repre