holster cases, cartouch boxes, and other description of cases,-Nov. 9th.

J. Jekyll, of Wincanton, for improvements in steam or vapour baths, to render the same more portable and convenient than those in present use. -Nov. 9th.

R. Roberts, of Manchester, for machinery or implements applicable to the process of weaving plain figured cloths or fabrics, which may be used on, and in conjunction with, looms, now in common use; and also improvements in the construction of looms for weaving plain and figured cloths or fabrics, and in the method of working looms either by hand, steam, or other power.-Nov. 14th.

J. Egg, of Piccadilly, for improvements in the construction of guns and fire arms, upon the self-priming and detonating principle.-Nov. 26th.

H. Ibbotson, of Sheffield, for a fender capable of being extended or contracted in length, so as to fit fire places of different dimensions.-Nov. 28.

J. Dixon, of Wolverhampton, for improvements on cocks, such as are used for drawing off liquids.-Nov.

28th.

J. Woollams, of Wells, for improve. ments in wheeled carriages, of various descriptions, to counteract the falling, and facilitate the labour, of animals attached to them; and to render per. sons and property in and near them more secure from injury.-Dec. 5th.

W. Robson, of St. Dunstan's-hill, for a method to prevent or protect against fraudulent practices upon bankers checks, bills of exchange, and various species of mercantile, commercial, and other correspondence.-Dec. 10th.

J. Perkins, late of Philadelphia, but now of Fleet-street, for improvements in steam-engines. Communicated to him by a certain foreigner residing abroad. Dec. 10th.

S. Parker, the younger, of Argyle street, for improvements in the construction of lamps.-Dec. 10th.

J. Nicholson, of Brook-street, Lambeth, for apparatus for the more conveniently applying heat to certain instruments of domestic use-Dec. 16th.

J. Dumbell, of Warrington, for im provements relative to carriages, which may be applied thereto, or in improv

ing of the organization, driving, &c. tuating, accelerating, or moving, of vehicles and carriages in general.Dec. 16th.

J. Bainbridge, of Bread-street, for improvements on rotatory steam engines. Communicated to him by Amos Thayer, jun. of Albany, America.-Dec. 16th.

T. B. W. Dudley, of Westminster, for a method of making malleable castmetal shoes for draft and riding-horses and other animals, upon a new and improved plan or principle.-Dec. 16th.

W. Bundy, of Fulham, for a machine for breaking, cleaning, and preparing flax, hemp, and other vegetable substances containing fibre. - Dec. 16th.

Matthias Wilks, of Dartford, for a new method of refining oil produced from seed.-Dec. 20th.

Sir J. Jelf, of Oaklans, for a combination of machinery for working and ornamenting marble and other stone for jambs, mantles, chimney-pieces, and other purposes.-Dec. 20th.

T. Linley, of Sheffield, for a method, different from any that has hitherto been invented or known, of increasing the force or power of bellows.-Dec.

20th.

J. I. Hawkins of Pentonville, and S. Mordan, of Union-street, for improvements on pencil-holders, or port crayons, and on pens, for the purpose of facilitating writing and drawing, by rendering the frequent cutting or mending the points or nibs unneces sary.-Dec. 20th.

W. Pass, of Saint Leonard, Shoreditch, for an improvement in calcining and smelting of various descriptions of ores.-Dec. 20th.

G. Richards, of Truro, for improve. ments in grates, stoves, furnaces, and other inventions, for the consumption of fuel, and in the flues connected with them, whereby they are rendered more safe, and the smoke prevented from returning into the rooms in which they are placed; and also, for an improved apparatus for cleansing the same.-Dec. 26th.

T. Rogers, of Storer-street, Bedfordsquare, for a method or apparatus for the purpose of attaching trowsers and gaiters to boots and shoes.-Dec. 26th.

SUBTERRANEOUS Antiquities in Gallicia.-A Mr. John Chmielecki, having read in Kirchner's Annals a conjecture that the subterraneous caves and passages in Podolia had a communication with those below Kiow, resolved to examine a site in Czortkowy, to discover whether there were any traces of subterraneous caves in that direction. A cavity in the alabaster rocks, overgrown with grass and weeds, was found to be an opening made by art, which had however been choked up with earth and rubbish. When the workmen had cleared away the earth before the entrance, a mephitic vapour issued from the opening, which so affected them that they fell senseless on the ground; but on being removed into a purer atmosphere, they soon recovered. On the following day, Mr. Chmielecki returned with the town-clerk and six resolute peasants, provided with swords, pistols, torches, and candles, and descended himself into the cave, well armed, and with a lighted torch and tinder-box. Having hold of a rope of three hundred fathoms, he crept through the

narrow entrance, about ten yards long, into a subterraneous excavation, which resembled a spacious and lofty oval hall, hewn in alabaster, and had a very pleas ing effect. Here he rested for some time, and then called to his companions, who were waiting at the entrance, and who, after much persuasion, followed him. On further examining the cave, they discovered several passages of various sizes connected with each other, all curiously hewn out in alabaster, and covering a large extent. But whether these passages extended to a great distance, whether they had an issue on the surface or not, were questions which they could not resolve, as they had got to the end of their line, and would not venture to proceed without a clue. After remaining there four hours, they were obliged to retreat, by the pressure of the long-confined air, which almost extinguished their torches and impeded their breath. The results of their examination were as follows:-AII the subterraneous vaults appear to be formed partly by nature and partly by art: they contain several

halls, or rather spacious vaults, the walls and roofs of which are of pure alabaster. They communicate by means of several passages running in different directions and of various breadths, some of them large enough for a coach and horses to turn in. One of these caves has a near resemblance to a kitchen, for they found upon the hearth, raised of several layers of alabaster, fragments of charcoal, and remains of a kind of wood (fresnia, summer cherry) which is not a native of the country near the excavation. In some places they discovered human skulls, which crumbled into dust on being touched. Papyri of Herculaneum.-Sir H. Davy's experiments on the papyri have closed without producing any marked result. Iodine and chlorine separated the rolls without injuring the ink, which is of charcoal, on which these agents have no action; but the papyrus itself, containing much undecompounded vegetable matter, baffled the investigation. Of the original 1696 MSS. 431 have been submitted to experiment, or given to foreign governments, by the king of Naples: about 100 of those which remain appear to be in a state to encourage the expectation of their being restored even by the chemical means already known. In general, the writing is only on one side, and the MSS. are rolled round sticks, like the webs of our silk mercers. The stick is invariably carbonized, and resembles a bit of charcoal. Sir H. D. suggests, from the nature of the ink on these MSS. and the silence of Pliny, that up to this period the Romans never used galls and iron as a writing-ink, and probably that this invention was contemporary with the use of parchment, of

which the earliest MSS. at present known are the Codices Rescripti, discovered at Rome and Milan by M. Maï, including the books of Cicero de Republica, supposed to be of the 2nd or 3rd centuries.

Devanagari Types.—The Prussian university of Bonn possesses a complete fount of type in the Devanagari character; with the exception of the mis-shapen types of the Propaganda, which merely sufficed. for short specimens, the first that have been employed in printing on the continent of Europe. They were cast from the designs and under the superintend ence of that eminent oriental scholar, professor A. W. Von Schlegel. The matrices were cut by Vibert of Paris, who has been for many years engaged for the office of Didot sen., and the letter was cast there with great care by Lion. Mr. Schlegel has pursued the method adopted by Wilkins to get rid of the lateral and vertical groups of letters; but what he considers as a new invention is an arrangement, by which the vowel and other signs above and below the line are so inserted, that each line consists of only one connected series, instead of forming three, as by the old method. Specimens of these new types have been introduced into the periodical work intituled "Indische Bibliothek," published by Mr. Schlegel.

Moravians.-The number of mission posts belonging to the Herrnhuters, or Moravians, is 31; over which 131 persons preside; viz. three in the island of St. Thomas; two in Santa Cruz; three in St. John's; two in Greenland; three in South America; three in North America; two in Jamaica; three in Antigua; four in Barbadoes; one in St. Kitt's:

two in Labrador; three in South Africa; eight in Russia among the Calmucs, &c.-The missions have most success in Greenland, in the West Indies, Antigua, St. Kitt's, and among the Hottentots in Africa. The Calmucs are most opposed to the preachers. The regulation of the whole of the missions is under the superintendence of the oldest conference of their university, which consists of ten brothers.

Canals in England and France. -The number of navigable canals in the United Kingdom is 103; of which 97 are formed in England alone, not including those of which the length does not exceed 5 miles; five in Scotland; and one only in Ireland. The total extent of these canals is 2682 miles: i. e. 2471 miles of English canals, 1493 miles in Scotland, and 69 miles in the Dublin and Shannon canal. The sum expended in these constructions is estimated at more than 30,000,000l. sterling; and, in some cases, the original shares have risen in a few years to fifteen and even twenty times their original value. In the lines of these canals, forty-eight subterraneous passages occur, the entire length of which is not accurately known; but forty of them, whose lengths are stated, give a total developement of 57,051 yards, or more than thirty-two miles. It is deserving of remark, that, of the total length of the English canals, more than 1400 miles communicate with the grand navigable line between London and Liverpool, the length of this alone being 264 miles; and it is connected in its course with forty-five others, of which the united extent equals 1150 miles. Such is the present state of the English navigable

canals; not a yard of which existed before the year 1755. Of navigable canals in France, the number is very inconsiderable, there being only six of the first order, and about twenty of inferior dimensions. These six are the canal of Briare, completed in 1642; that of Languedoc, in 1680; that of Orleans, in 1692; that of Lorgn, finished in 1723; the Canal du Centre, in 1791; and that of St. Quentin, in 1810: the total length of which amounts only to 591,000 metres, or 378 English miles. The secondary canals have a total length of 250 miles, making thus together only 628 miles of navigable canals, in a territory containing 26,700 square French leagues; being quadruple the surface of England, and with a population nearly three times as great.

Badges. Birch.

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Highland Clans.-The following is an alphabetical list of all the known clans of Scotland, with a description of the particular badges of distinction anciently worn by each clan respectively, and which served as the distinguishing marks of their chiefs:Names. Buchanan Cameron Campbell Chisholm Colquhoun Hazle. Cumming Common Sallow. Drummond Holly. Farquharson Purple Foxglove. Ferguson Poplar. Forbes Broom. Frazer Gordon

Graham Grant Gunn Lamont M'Allister M'Donald

Oak.

Myrtle.

Alder.

Yew.

Ivy.

Sutherland

Bear Berries.

Clover.

Thistle.

Cat's Tail Grass. Education in France. On the 1st of January, 1821, there were 1,070,500 boys from 5 to 15 years of age, that attended the primary schools in France; there were 27,528 schools under the care of 28,945 masters, situated in 24,124 communes. About 500,000 girls attended the public schools. From the old method of teaching, and the little assiduity of the pupils, two-thirds of the people of France could neither read nor write.

Painting in France. The French exhibition of paintings this year contained 1715 articles, viz. 1372 paintings of all sizes, landscapes, portraits, &c. 158 statues, busts, and bas-reliefs; 171 engravings and designs; 14 plans and architectural models. The minister of the royal household

ordered 50 paintings, 12 statues, or bas-reliefs, and 3 engravings. The duke of Orleans 2; the minister of the interior, 18 paintings, 19 statues or busts, and 2 models. The prefect of the Seine, 12 paintings and 6 statues.

Statistics of French Literature. -The following details of the pe riodical press and public libraries of France afford a view of the state of literature in that country:

The legislation on the press is founded on the decree of the National Convention of July 19, 1793; on the decree of Napoleon of 1st Germinal, 13; 5th Febru ary and 14th December, 1810; 2nd February, and 21st of October, 1814; on the laws dated the 27th of March and 8th of October, 1819; 17th of May and 9th of June, 1819; 21st of March, 1820; and on the enactments of the present year.

Public Libraries in Paris1. The Royal library, has above 700,000 printed volumes, and 70,000 manuscripts.

2. The library of Monsieur, 150,000 printed volumes, and 5,000 manuscripts.

3. Library of St. Genevieve, 110,000 printed volumes, and 2,000 manuscripts.

4. The Mazarine Library, 92,000 printed volumes, and 3,000 ma nuscripts.

5. Library of the city of Paris, 20,000 volumes.

All these are daily open to the public.

Besides these, there are in Paris, and the departments, the following libraries to which access may be obtained; the principal of which are the private libraries of the king in the Tuilleries, Fontaine bleau, St. Cloud, Trianon, and