cited or sustained the revolution.

Finally, those who took advantage of circumstances to convert to their profit the public property. On the 23rd, he issued a very severe proclamation against all secret societies. The thunders of the church had been previously directed against the Carbonari: for by a bull of the 13th of September, pope interdicted all persons from the becoming members of that association, from affording any of them an asylum, or showing them any countenance whatsoever.

On the 20th of July, a treaty was concluded between Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Sardinia; according to which, an Austrian corps of 12,000 men was to form a military line in the Sardinian states, for maintaining tranquillity, in conjunction with the Sardinian troops. It was also stipulated, that if unforeseen circumstances should induce the king of Sardinia to desire the reinforcement of this corps, the Austrian commander in Lombardy was authorized to send a reinforcement without waiting for orders from his court. The military occupation was to continue until the month of September, 1822; at which time the allied sovereigns were to assemble at Florence, and, in concert with the king of Sardinia, take into consideration the state of his kingdom, in order to determine whether the occupation should be prolonged or terminated.

After the breaking out of the revolution in Piedmont, a plot was said to have been discovered for effecting a similar change similar change in Florence. It embraced only a few individuals of no great consequence in the state. Some

officers in the army, none of them above the rank of captain, were, on suspicion of being engaged in it, first put under arrest, then dismissed from the service, and subsequently ordered to quit the country. One of them, a captain Baldini, when under arrest in his own house, threw himself out of the window, and was killed on the spot. Among the persons accused of being Carbonari, or of being engaged in the confederacy, was a priest, a man of considerable talent and eloquence, famous for the crowds which he attracted by his lectures, in the church of Santa Croce. The 25th of April, the festival of the Annunciation, was said to have been the day fixed for the execution of the plot. The reality of the conspiracy has, however, been called in question; and many have supposed, that it was either feigned or contrived by the police, as a plausible means of getting rid of obnoxious indivi duals. In the isle of Elba, five or six officers, with twenty-four soldiers, raised the cry of the constitution, and endeavoured to seize on a battery of cannon: but their attempt was frustrated, and they themselves were arrested.

In Romagna, many persons were arrested as Carbonari, and a still greater number in Lombardy. Thirty-four of these were brought to trial in the Autumn. Nineteen were punished with a few months' imprisonment, for transgressing the police regulations: the remainder were condemned to death, as guilty of high treason: but this sentence was afterwards commuted into imprisonment, in the castle of Spielberg, for 21 years, in three of the cases, and for 10 years, in the rest.

THE system which Russia "HE system which Russia had adopted of relieving her financial difficulties by loans, had forced the government to give a greater degree of publicity to the state of the finances, than had been usual formerly. The amount of her debt at the beginning of the present year, was about 50 millions sterling; of which, however, more than one half consisted of the paper money in circulation. The empire remained tranquil through all its vast extent. It can scarce ly be mentioned as an exception to the general tranquillity, that some young men at Warsaw, having chosen to adopt, probably in imitation of the German enthusiasts, the ancient national costume, the authorities interfered and put several of them under arrest.

With a view, it was pretended, to foster internal industry, but probably, in some degree, for the purpose of supplying the wants of the treasury, the taxes upon

some of the principal articles of importation (sugar, silk, cotton, and wine), were greatly augmented. Commerce was also burthened by a considerable increase of the stamp-duties, and of the duties on the licences, and counting-house books of merchants.

This government continued to exhibit symptoms of that restless wish to extend its dominions, its pretensions, and its foreign con. nections, which has long characterised it. In the former year, an embassy had been dispatched into Bucharia. The intention was, to establish regular intercourse with Valliami, the sultan of Khokand, whose dominions already contain above three millions of inhabitants, and are likely soon to extend from the Caspian to the confines of China Proper, and from the frontier of Russia to the Himalaya mountains. The embassy was coldly received, and

returned in Spring, without having effected any of the ends for which it was sent. The ambition of this gigantic empire was still more strongly displayed, in some commercial regulations which were issued in the present year, with respect to her settlements along the north-western coast of America, the Aleutian islands, and the east coast of Siberia. The line of maritime and commercial dominion, which his imperial majesty included within his decrees, extended along the American coast full 10 degrees of latitude, from Behring's Straits, in about 61 N. to 51 N., in the neighbourhood of Nootka; and on the Asiatic side, from the same Straits of Behring, above 15 degrees along the eastern coast of Kamtschatka, and down to the south cape in the island of Ourop, latitude 45 deg. 51 min., not very far north of the empire of Japan. The regulations were nothing less than a prohibition to all foreign nations to carry on the whale or other fishery, or any other branch of trade or industry, on any part of the aforesaid coasts or islands, or to approach any one of the Russian settlements within a less distance than 100 Italian miles, under the penalty of losing the cargo. The only exceptions were in favour of ships driven in by stress of weather, and of ships sent out on voyages of discovery, being previously provided with passports from the Russian minister of marine.

In treating of our own domestic affairs, and of the changes that occurred in Naples and Piedmont, we have had occasion to mention the policy which Russia followed in the general intercourse of the European powers. Her principle

was to suppress, wherever her influence or arms could reach, the spirit of popular insurrection. For this, she made common cause with Austria and Prussia, while France wavered, and England openly dissented. She dreaded not the additional power and firmer footing in Italy, which Austria might acquire by the occupation of the Neapolitan territory, but concurred cordially in her counsels, and put her armies in motion, in order, should the revolutionists resist the first assault, to compel their submission by an overwhelming force.

The relations of Russia and Austria to Turkey, were this year in a very critical situation; and to them we must now direct our attention, endeavouring, as well as we can, amid the endless succession of lies which have been put into circulation on the subject, to select the certain and prominent events,

The Turkish arms had, in the former year, made considerable progress towards the subjugation of Ali, the Pacha of Albania, who had so long baffled the power of the Sultan. That barbarous chief had nothing left him, except the citadel of his former capital: yet even in this condition, he protracted the siege through the winter, and, obtaining the aid of the Suliotes, so harassed the Turkish army, and so intercepted their convoys and communications, that the end of the struggle seemed as remote as ever. This disappointment of their hopes was not a little vexatious to the Sultan and his favourites; the commander of the army which was employed in Albania was removed, and Churchid Mahomet Pacha was sent to succeed him.

About the same time, great changes took place in the Öttoman ministry.

The successful resistance of the Pacha of Albania had given encouragement to the enemies of the Turkish yoke, to venture upon open hostilities; and in the beginning of March, insurrection broke out in various provinces of the empire. Theodore Wladimeresko, a native of Bulgaria, and who had formerly held no higher situation in life than that of a servant, raised the standard of revolt in Wallachia, and, collecting about 10,000 vagabonds, of whom 600 were armed with muskets and pistols, under pretence of compelling the Porte to change its ruinous system of administration, marched to Bucharest. The Boyars, instead of adopting measures of defence or precaution, against the progress of the insurrection, thought of nothing but flight. Many of them, in their precipitate retreat, left their families, and all their moveable property behind them. Under such circumstances, the insurgents encountered not the least obstacle. They entered the capital, and took entire possession of it. The greedy and halfstarved soldiers pillaged the abandoned houses of the Boyars, and paid little respect to the chastity of their daughters, or the virtue of their wives. The appearance of Bucharest was that of a town delivered into the hands of a merciless enemy, and daily scenes of disorder and atrocities took place. A Bulgarian, who had formerly been a servant of the French consul, was appointed military governor of the city. The foreign consuls, were at last compelled, for their own safety, to

The Russian consul-general, on his departure, left one of his secretaries, M. de Spiridoff, at Bucharest, charged with the task of contradicting the assurances and promises held out by the chiefs of the insurgents, that they were acting with the secret sanction of the Russian government, and that a Russian army would soon march to their support.

At the same time, in consequence of a plan which had been concerted by a few Greeks, residing in Russia, and some of them in the Russian service, a prince Alexander Ypsilanti appeared in Moldavia, on the river Pruth, near Yassi, accompanied by a body of 200 men. He proclaimed himself the liberator of the Greeks; and, as Michael Suzzo, the Hospodar of the province, announced his intention of giving him all possible aid, and as it was supposed, that Russia would lend him her countenance, or even perhaps her active cooperation, he was soon joined by considerable numbers, and received the ready submission of the natives. After remaining some time in Moldavia, he proceeded to Bucharest; where he arrived on the 9th of April, with a few hundred men, and three bad pieces of cannon; but on the same day, the hopes of the insurgents were damped by two proclamations of the emperor Alexander, which were promulgated at Jassy, by the Russian consul generai. The first formallyand solemnly enjoined prince Ypsilanti, and all individuals under Russian protection, who had taken any part

in his enterprize, instantly to proceed into Russia, and there await his imperial majesty's decision respecting their conduct, as, in failure of compliance, they would be considered in the light of perturbators of the public peace, and not only exposed to the vengeance of the Ottoman government, but also held responsible to the court of Russia. The second proclamation called upon the Moldavians of Russia, who, betraying their duty, had declared for the cause of the insurgents, to return to obedience to their legitimate rulers, as the only medium by which they might escape the punishment which the Imperial Court would inflict upon those who persevered in aiding the revolt.

In consequence of the declaration of Russia against the insurrection, Michael Suzzo immediately, fled with his family, to Odessa, and the Boyars declared against Ypsilanti. To counterbalance the effect of these proclamations, a report

spread, that the Pacha of Albania had become a Christian, and was advancing with a strong army to support the insurrection. But, so conscious was Ypsilanti of his weakness, that, upon its being rumoured that 700 Turks were on their march from Silistria to Bucharest, he immediately quitted the latter place, leaving behind him artillery, pikes, lances, and even 3,000 bayonets, which he had caused to be manufactured. His followers consisted chiefly of vagabonds, from various provinces of the empire; scarcely any of the natives of Moldavia or Wallachia (who have nothing in common with the Greeks, except

their religion) joined him. Overtures were made by him, to induce the Servians to join in the revolt; but the Servians declined taking any part in the commotions of their neighbours.

The first reports concerning the disturbances in Wallachia, scarcely appeared of sufficient consequence to engage the attention of the Divan. The example of a few villages destroyed by fire and massacre, and of the heads of a few hundreds of the rebels exposed over the gates of the seraglio, would, it was expected, be sufficient to restore quiet; but the news of Ypsilanti's insurrection excited general consternation: the Patriarch was ordered to pronounce an anathema against him and his associates; and orders were issued for the adoption of such measures, as were within the reach of a government not at all prepared for the events which had occurred.

The alarm was raised to a still greater height by the intelligence of the insurrection, which had broken out in every part of Greece. The people of the Morea were in arms: their chiefs had formed themselves into (the senate of Calamata: Candia had refused the usual tribute: the islands of the Archipelago had thrown off the yoke, and were fitting out fleets to cruize against their tyrants. The government and the populace of Constantinople exhibited the most violent exasperation. Many Greeks were executed; and all of that nation, who had the means of escape, hastened to fly from a city, where they anticipated nothing but insult, torture, and death, the moment that either victory or