Obrazy na stronie
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while talent merely wins. "Let me know," said that fine, but unappreciated thinker, Brownlee Brown, "let me know what chances a man has passed in contempt; not what he has made, but what he has refused to make, reserving himself for higher ends."

All out-door work in winter has a cheerful look, from the triumph of caloric it implies; but I know none in which man seems to revert more to the lower modes of being than in searching for sea-clams. One may sometimes observe a dozen men employed in this way, on one of our beaches, while the northwest wind blows keenly (our coldest wind), and the spray drifts back like snow over the green and sluggish surge. The men pace in and out with the wave, going steadily to and fro like a pendulum, ankle-deep in the chilly brine, their steps quickened by hope or slackening with despair. Where the maidens and children sport and shout in summer, there in winter these heavy figures succeed. To them the lovely crest of the emerald billow is but a chariot for clams, and is valueless if it comes in empty. Really, the position of the clam is the more dignified, since he moves only with the wave, and the immortal being in fish-boots wades for him. These bivalves resemble the quahaug, and are chiefly salted down for bait. After a heavy gale, a man may sometimes gather several bushels.

The harbor and the beach are thus occupied in winter; but one may walk for many a mile along the cliffs, and see nothing human but a few gardeners, spreading green and white sea-weed as manure upon the lawns. The mercury rarely drops to zero here, and there is little snow; but a new-fallen drift has here just the same virgin beauty as farther inland, and when one suddenly comes in view of the sea beyond it, there is a sensation of summer softness. The water is not then deep blue, but pale, with opaline reflections. Vessels in the far horizon have the same delicate tint, as if woven of the same liquid material. A single wave lifts itself lan

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guidly above a reef, -a white-breasted loon floats near the shore, the sea breaks in long, indolent curves, — the distant islands swim in a vague mirage. Along the cliffs hang great organ-pipes of ice, distilling showers of drops that glitter in the noonday sun, while the barer rocks send up a perpetual steam, giving to the eye a sense of warmth, and suggesting the comforts of fire. Beneath, the low tide reveals long stretches of golden-brown sea-weed, caressed by the lapping wave.

High winds bring a different scene. Sometimes I fancy that in winter, with less visible life upon the surface of the water, and less of unseen animal life below it, there is yet more that seems like vital force in the individual particles of waves. Each separate drop appears more charged with desperate and determined life. The lines of surf run into each other more brokenly, and with less steady roll. The low sun, too, lends a weird and jagged shadow to gallop in before the crest of each advancing wave, and sometimes there is a second crest on the shoulders of the first, as if there were more than could be contained in a single curve. Greens and purples are called forth to replace the prevailing blue. Far out at sea great separate mounds of water rear themselves, as if to overlook the tossing plain. Sometimes these move onward and subside with their green still unbroken, and again they curve into detached hillocks of foam, white, multitudinous, side by side, not ridged, but moving on like a mob of white horses, neck overarching neck, breast crowded against breast.

Across those tumultuous waves I like to watch, after sunset, the revolving light; there is something about it so delicate and human. It seems to bud or bubble out of the low, dark horizon; a moment, and it is not, and then another moment, and it is. With one throb the tremulous light is born; with another throb it has reached its full size, and looks at you, coy and defiant; and almost in that instant it is utterly gone. You cannot conceive yourself to be

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THE CUSTOM OF BURIAL WITH THE HEAD TOWARDS THE EAST.

N Shakespeare's Cymbeline there occurs a passage suggesting a curious question, to which it has not been easy to find an answer. It is that where Guiderius and Arviragus are preparing to bury Imogen, who, in the dress of a youth, lies apparently dead. Guiderius says,

"Nay, Cadwal, we must lay his head to the east; My father hath a reason for 't." What was that reason? In the flood of annotation which has been poured over the plays of the greatest of poets, there has been no reply to this rather interesting inquiry. We have quite enough of a guidance that perplexes or misleads, of illustrations that do but darken, and emendations of what was quite straight till private hands intermeddled to crook it. There is plenty of vapid and false criticism, from one of the most learned of English bishops; from one of the most ponderous of English moralists; from one of the most shining names in classic English verse. But no critic or commentator that we know of, from "piddling Tibbald " to Coleridge the transcendental, with his cloudy pomp of professional words and neabstmetiens, has had

a syllable to bestow upon this point. Knight's Pictorial has no representation of it. Our own ingenious Mr. Hudson offers no lesson or conjecture about it. Mr. Richard Grant Whiteand he alone, so far as we know, has had his attention called to this subject - says: "What was Belarius's reason for this disposition of the body in the ground, I have been unable to discover." If we turn to the German version of the play by Schlegel and Tieck, we find that the passage is not only not explained, but entirely mistranslated. It is made to say,

"Nay, Cadwal, we must lay his face to the east"; "Nach Osten, Cadwal, muss sein Antlitz liegen"; which is certainly wide of the original by just half the circumference of the earth; for if the face is to look eastward, the head must, of course, be reclined westward. The two brothers were about to bury the brutish Cloten, whom Guiderius had just slain, at the same time with the beautiful boy whom they so tenderly lamented. And doubtless he would have had them both laid out in the same direction;-for, as he said, "Thersites' body is as good as Ajan, When either is alive";

and the reason that his father had given, whatever it was, would still apply here. But again, what was that reason? If the command had been to lay the head to the opposite quarter of the sky, we can readily suppose what the motive was for such a requisition. The face would then be turned towards the east, the sunrise, and the doctrine of the resurrection might thus seem to be symbolized. But, on the contrary, the countenance of the dead is made to front that portion of the heavens where the sun does nothing but sink towards its setting, and set.

And yet that cheerful and encouraging idea is not the one that is most frequently presented in the religious usages of the ancient world. Quite the reverse. The description that we here have in Shakespeare corresponds with the funeral customs that generally obtained before the Christian era. We have it from Ælian and Plutarch, that such was the method in ancient Greece, and especially among the people of Athens. We hear the voice of the Delphic Apollo : —

"Go, first propitiate the country's chiefs,

Who, when interred, faced the declining sun."

There is some discrepance, indeed,
among the Greek writers on this sub-
ject. But there can be little doubt that
Sir
the fact is as we have stated.
Thomas Browne, in his Hydriotaphia,
asserts and seems to have good au-
- that the
thority for the assertion
Phoenicians, children of the East as
they were, turned the dead face to-
wards the west.

Under the influence of Christianity this order was reversed, and doubtless for the reason that has been already assigned. The ancient Christian writers are agreed in their testimony, so far as they give any, that, in burial, the countenance was turned towards the sky, in sign of a heavenly origin; and towards the east, in sign of an immortal hope. Robert Herrick, the Catullus of English poetry, expresses this in the Hesperides:

"Ah, Bianca! now I see
It is noon and past with me.

In a while it will strike one;
Then, Bianca, I am gone.
Some effusions let me have
Offered on my holy grave;
Then, Bianca, let me rest

With my face towards the east."

But, as if here also there must be
some confusion, we read in one of the
old dramatists the following lines:

"I turn thy head unto the east,
And thy feet unto the west;
Thy left arm to the south put forth,
And the right unto the north."

Just the contrary of what was quoted
before. And it is worth observing that
the figure thus described is cruciform.
The hands extended at right angles
with the body, instead of lying at the
side, or being folded upon the bosom,
could never have been a prevailing
mode of interment, and is evidently
meant to be merely an image of the
great crucifixion. And all this corre-
sponds perfectly with the aspect of
the vast church structures which were
going up in various parts of Europe
in the Middle Ages, taking centuries
to build, with many thousands of men
sometimes working at once upon a sin-
gle building. A hundred thousand
workmen, Michelet assures us, were
employed at the same time upon the
sculptured pile at Strasburg; and there
is the marvel at Cologne not finished
yet. The cathedrals were in the shape
of a cross, with their head, the most
sacred part, where was the chapel of
the Madonna, always lying towards the
east. This latter fact is remarkable,
and may throw some light on the sub-
ject we have now in view. We natu-
rally conclude that this position was
adopted on account of the superior
sanctity of that quarter of heaven from
which Christ came, and the light of his
Gospel first dawned. The lines just
quoted clearly transfer this position
and idea from the church-building to
the human body as it is laid in the
There is a passage in Miche-
grave.
let's History of France that sets forth
the same thought, and expands it with
so much fancy and rhetorical fervor
that it is worth reciting, if it were only
as a sample of his peculiar style, poetic

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