foundation are those which were in the hands of secular canons at the Dissolution; they were not included in the Acts effecting the suppression of religious houses. St. Paul's, Lichfield, and Lincoln, belonged to this class; and so did all cathedrals in France until the close of the eighteenth century. In England all cathedrals in the charge of monastic bodies were refounded by Henry VIII., and are termed "churches of the new foundation"; they comprise about half the entire number. It will be best if I enumerate, briefly, the various Orders named in the second column of Table I., although the names are familiar to all who interest themselves in this rather special subject.

The Benedictine Order was founded by Benedict of Nursia, who died at Monte Casino, not far from Rome, about A.D. 540. His rule organised the monks of the Scotch and Irish methods, and the chief foundations in Western Europe came under its control. About A.D. 750 Chrodegang of Metz in the north-east of France introduced modifications which relaxed the theoretical strictness of the monastic system, and much rivalry ensued for very many years. The Benedictines again reformed themselves at Cluny and Citeaux, both near Dijon, in the eleventh century the latter, the Cistercian Order, had many houses in England, and three Latin lines record the strictness observed in the first.

Esse niger monachus si forte velim Cluniaci,
Surgere me faciant mediâ de nocte, volentem
Amplius in calido membra fovere toro.

Augustinian or Austin Canons or Friars originated near Avignon in the eleventh century: very popular in England, but with no special historical record. Collegiate churches took their rise in the fourteenth century. Ottery St. Mary is a fine example. Slapton never came to much. Henry VI. and Queen Margaret may have intended Eton and King's College at Cambridge to be of this class; but the first members of those distinguished foundations, who were pledged never to apply for a change in their rules, might be a little surprised to watch the ways of their successors in tenure.

Lastly, the Premonstratensian Order, founded near Laon at a place named Premontrè, had only one house in Devon, and I think not many in England.

THE ANGLICAN INVASION OF DEVON, WITH SOME NOTES ON THE PLACE-NAME "-WORTHY."

BY JOHN MAY MARTIN, C.E.

(Read at Tavistock, 23rd July, 1914.)

TRAVELLERS westward by that branch of the London and South-Western Railway which runs on from Okehampton to Bude and the north coast of Cornwall used to find themselves saluted at Okehampton, then newly become a junction, by the stentorian voice of a porter shouting, Okehampton, Okehampton, change here for the Holsworthy line," strong emphasis being laid on the first syllable of each name; they were also delivered in a higher tone than the rest of the name and pronounced with greater distinctness than is usual with the names of railway stations, unless, as in this case, they are of recent establishment as junctions, when the perfect enunciation is evidence of the faultless rehearsal of the modern phrase.

The question suggested by the name of Holsworthy is, who was Hol (o long), and in what did his worthiness consist; and the question is not an inapt one, for out of the hundreds of -worthys to be found in the length and breadth of Devonshire, a dozen or so of which are church towns, there is not another thought of sufficient importance to justify a railway thereto, and consequently the name is unfamiliar.

The way in which the Holsworthy country is mentioned by our esteemed member, the late R. N. Worth, in his latest history of Devonshire, is far from complimentary to it. He says on page 162," There is no more uninteresting part of Devon, historically, than the corner next the Cornish border, of which the chief centres are Holsworthy and Hatherleigh"; but he adds, ; but he adds, "and yet it is precisely here that almost the only trace of Roman influence on the nomenclature of Devon, outside Exeter, is to be found."

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"Near Northlew," four or five miles from HatherleighNear Northlew," he goes on to say-“a bleak upland parish, where, according to the local proverb, the devil died of the cold,' are Chester Moor, Scobchester, and Wickchester, and it does not seem possible to evade the conclusion that these names mark the localities of Roman castra, and point to some sort of Roman, perhaps frontier, occupation."

Mr. Worth had four years previously referred to these Chesters in his splendid Presidential Address on Roman Devon in 1891, and therein he also mentioned an earthwork in their vicinity which has been the cause of much speculation and difference of opinion; his view being that "the work was no more than a Roman exploring expedition might readily have raised en route."

It is evident that Mr. Worth never saw Broadbury Castle, for such is the name of this earthwork; for though it consisted of only a single rampart and ditch, as he mentions in his List of Localities of Roman Remains, following the address in the Transactions, it was far too large and substantial a work to have been thrown up by the fatigue party of such an expeditionary force as he suggests.

Polwhele says concerning it: "The Castle, as Dean Mills described it in 1755, is a rectangular oblong square, encompassed with a single vallum and fosse. The fosse is about 25 feet broad at the top. The area within the vallum from north to south is 225 feet; from east to west, 186 feet. It has four gates or entrances into it."

When I visited Broadbury, in 1893, to renew my boyhood's acquaintance with it and with the neighbourhood, where there are several barrows, mentioned in the first report of our Barrow Committee, I found that the ramparts, which to my recollection, confirmed by that of others, were fifteen feet high at least, had been levelled and the ditch filled up, so that there was absolutely nothing to mark the site, save a slight difference in the grass where the old defences had been.

This act of vandalism occurred about the year 1873, and was preceded or accompanied by a general inclosure of the old common moor by hedges five to six feet high, mostly surmounted by that brutal invention, barbed wire, and without leaving any footpaths across the country. I managed, however, to visit and examine the barrows mentioned in the Committee's report just referred to, and

the result of my exploration was given in a paper read at Torquay in 1893.

Mr. Worth, when remarking upon this historically uninteresting corner of Devon, unluckily overlooked the -worthys that lie so plentifully scattered over it, and their hidden meaning, which, if he had even guessed at, he would have been eager to unravel.

This oversight may be due to his having been a South Devon man, for there -worthy, though not infrequent, is not so obviously in evidence as it is north of Dartmoor. Here he was merely a sojourner for his work's sake, but if he had once dreamt of what the word means historically, his capacity for research would have speedily shown him that this north-west corner of Devon was crammed with traces of events which show it to have at one time been the scene of one of the most important, if not the paramount, incidents of our county history.

It so happens, however, that I was born and grew up in Hatherleigh, the twin capital, with Holsworthy, of this part of North Devon, and as in that parish alone there are still half a dozen or more farms with the -worthy suffix, it was as familiar to me as household words,-seemed an ordinary name as indigenous to the soil as the plants that grew thereon; but when I travelled further afield and found that whilst it occurred more abundantly in one part of the county than in another, there were only a few instances of its occurrence in the adjacent counties of Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset, and that it occurred nowhere else in Britain-I became curious as to the reason for it all.

This does not apply to the name worth, which occurs at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a name, and abounds everywhere, especially in the Midlands, but is rarely found in Devonshire, although it is some sort of a cousin to our own -worthy.

It was not, however, until forty-five, perhaps fifty, years ago, that opportunity came to me of making such an acquaintance with the word as to give it a more important complexion, and I then began to suspect that the distribution of this remarkable word was not determined by chance alone, but that there had been some intermingling of peoples differing in race and speech, and I resolved to seek further into its meaning and origin.

I had been for many years in the practice of my calling