troduced. Personally, I am convinced that the Piura-Tumbes region could be made not only one of the greatest textile fiberproducing regions in the world, but also one of the greatest textile manufacturing regions. Excellent cotton and wool are already produced there. With proper scientific study and preparation, the two other great textile fibers, silk and flax, could also be grown in large quantities. I would strongly urge that the ordinary factory and mechanical methods of manufacture be not introduced, at least not in totality. The people of the Peruvian coast have, for many centuries, manifested a genius for hand weaving. It is a pity that this genius should be stultified by the ordinary super-efficient but entirely unimaginative manufacturing methods of other countries. Instead, I think

that the people of the Piura-Tumbes region and other parts of the coast should be provided with hand-looms sufficiently improved to ensure commercial profit, but yet of a sort which will allow play to the imaginative and technical abilities of the Indian weavers. Such a combination of qualities would not be unduly difficult to arrive at. In my opinion these people, given cotton, wool, silk and flax linen to work with, and given just the right type of loom, would very quickly show the world new sorts of cloth, and new combinations of material and pattern which would profoundly stimulate the jaded esthetic faculties of the world's dressmakers, tailors and upholsterers. Quality, not quantity, should be the aim. The fact that Piura linen, Piura cotton, Piura silk, or Piura linen-and-silk, or Piura linen-andcotton or other Piura fabrics were excessively fine and beau

tiful, even though proportionately dear, would not in the least impair the demand for them, any more than it does the demand for any other choice article of luxury.

I mention the matter of weaving simply as an example of the sort of commercial activity, based upon the most fundamental traits and abilities of the people, which might be created by the exercise, on the part of the hacendados, of the correct sort of paternalism. Commercialism of this description, far from being baleful, would give depth and meaning to the bet

THE VILLAGE OF YAPATERA, ON THE HACIENDA OF SOL-SOL, PIURA VALLEY. This is a typical unimproved Indian village. There is no provision here for any sort of diversion for the people, nor is there even a church and a priest, the nearest being at Chulucanas, some miles away.

tered conditions of life. It would be very powerful in creating a sane and self-respecting peasantry, half commercial and half agrarian, from whom the material for real democracy would ultimately be derived.

To aid in the work, attention must be given to such matters as sports, both individual sports like boxing, wrestling, fencing and foot-racing, and team-sports, preferably football, lacrosse and basketball. The beneficial influence of these games in creating a spirit of generosity, self-reliance and general virility is well recognized in this country and in England; it is beginning to be realized in the Latin countries, and sports of all kinds are already common among the upper class in Peru. But the task of making the hacendado perceive the necessity of providing sports for the Indians is as yet only just begun. Of diversions of a more mental and intellectual type the cinema can be made one of the most beneficial. Films that show life as it really is, especially those in which humor (real humor) is important, and films of all kinds provided that they are free from indecencies and brutalities, should be shown in every village of appreciable size at least two or three times a month.

I have reserved mention of the importance in all this of the priest and the school teacher till the last, for the reason that it is obvious. These two individuals can do things that the hacendado can not. It is for them to give point and authority to his efforts, and to supervise the actual carrying out of his carefully planned reforms.

To many, especially to the hawk-eyed and sour-visaged type of predatory European or North American commercial traveler (one is often tempted to term him a peripatetic despoiler of the unsophisticated), all that I have said will seem distinctly utopian. But that opinion will be caused by the fact that they look upon the Indian and mestizo with a view to discovering what they can get out of him rather than what they can put into him. I have studied this matter very closely in a number of representative regions in Peru and Bolivia, and I know that, even where the present conditions are seemingly most hopeless, there is some hope. In regions like that which I have called the Piura-Tumbes region, where even to-day conditions might be much worse than they are, and yet be better than those prevalent in the remote mountain districts, the human material which offers itself to the manipulations of benevolent and constructive paternalism is full of latent possibilities of a most cheering sort. Whether or not these possibilities become actualities depends on the hacendados, and on the upper class as a whole.

THE RATIONALE OF TESTING INTELLI-
GENCE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO TESTING IN THE ARMY

By DANIEL W. LA RUE

CAPTAIN, SANITARY CORPS, U. S. A.

BRIGHT young man went to the Harvard Graduate

A School to investigate the freedom of the will. After

two or three years of investigating, he concluded that there is no such thing!

For some decades, we psychologists have been measuring general intelligence. Are we sure there is any such thing? Investigation has been steadily deleting the definite article out of psychology: "the" memory, "the" imagination, "the" intellect -to use these terms with serious face is a confession that you have been reading the antique books on "mental philosophy" and neglecting the modern ones on differential psychology.

But is not general intelligence "the" intelligence? Can it fare any better? And to test it-is not that like testing the pulling strength, not of horses, but of "the" horse, a logical concept which stands in nobody's stable?

There are certainly two sides to the question, unless we can make out definitely the meaning of the phrase. It appears that general intelligence can be defined in terms of (1) mind, or of (2) brain, or of (3) environment.

1. The word "intelligence" throws back by contrast that which we are not measuring, namely, the feelings, and (if there is any such thing apart from intelligence and feeling) the will. Sensation and the sense-complexes, perception, memory, imagination and thought, these constitute intelligence. General intelligence is efficiency in the formation of sense-complexes as a means of dealing with the outside-yes, and the inside, world. 2. Speaking in terms of the brain, we know that it has two general levels: the lower level, like the entire brain of such an animal as a dog or a cat, is composed of centers which respond, more or less independently of each other, to such outer subjects as can excite them. The visual tracts see, the auditory neurons hear, and so on. The intelligence of a dog, or a horse, or of a one-story-brained homo, is the net result produced by these centers, unguided as they are, by any superior neurons. And such, too, roughly, is the intelligence of even a bright child, whose higher, reflective nerve cells have not yet come to command.

But these nether neurons of the brain are like the privates

of an army, taking the direct shock and beat of the aggressive world about. The superior cells are the headquarters of another kind of general intelligence, a kind of commanding general intelligence. It has a dual duty: it deals with concepts, symbols and abstractions instead of material things; and it issues general orders to all subordinate centers.

Here is the home of "the" faculties, "the" attention, for example, which gives the command, "Attention," to all the lesser faculties, visual, tactual, auditory, and the rest, and reminds them to "make it snappy"! Here, too, lies the reason why it is so much easier to test the intelligence of a high, than of a low, subject: it is the difference between getting a single report from the head of a unified command, and collecting the muster rolls of all the scattered detachments of a Russian or a Mexican army. Also, here is one explanation of why testers are so prone to use numbers, words, symbols, concepts, abstractions, in their measuring schemes: they commit the psychological fallacy of assuming that others are like themselves, doubledecker intelligences, and that in so far as one can deal with these higher things, certainly all the lower must have been added unto him.

"General" intelligence, from this point of view, is the unified, supervisory intelligence of the superior centers of the brain.

Finally, intelligence is (intellectual) power of adaptation to environment. This involves (a) sensing the situation, perceiving it, (b) comprehending, elaborating, perhaps analyzing or synthesizing it, and (c) responding (mentally) to it. "What would you do if you missed your train?" To ask this question of a subject is next best to seeing him in such a situation. He must exercise his "sense of reality" on it, size it up, plan his reaction. Testing seems simple enough.

But this world is made of situations. And if they are new enough to require much adaptation, we may not be able, with words merely, to create in the test room a replica of them that will be real. It is useless to ask a savage what he would do if he missed his train, or an old bachelor what he would do when the baby cried, or a green soldier how he will behave when a shell bursts near him. Further, just which of many millions of situations are so important, or so typical, or so closely correlated with a web of others, similar or dissimilar, that they should be admitted among the select few that form a test? The answer is coming as a slow deposit from the stream of experience and experiment.

If we are clear as to the more obvious outlines of what we VOL. VII.-26.