6. The same rat 77 days later after having had two more litters, neither of which she kept alive longer than a few days. Though slightly longer haired she weighed 25 grams more and was in good condition. Rearing of the young is a process more exacting in its requirements than either growth or reproduction. that as a source of protein for the animal it has no equal. For this we have no substitute, for it as a source of fat-soluble vitamine we have. At one time, there was a tendency to associate etiologically other conditions of malnutrition, such as scurvy and rickets, with a deficiency of specific vitamines. Evidence so far presented does not support this contention. These diseases are undoubtedly associated with a faulty intestinal condition not directly referable to an avitaminosis. In the present emergency in the economic food situation, it 7. Two male rats of the same age. The one on the right-a normal rat-received a sufficiency of the fat-soluble vitamine in its ration; it weighed 262 grams. The one on the left received but little of the fat-soluble vitamine; it weighed 109 grams. Note the inflammation of the eyes and the incrustation of the ears to which rats on a ration deficient in the fat-soluble vitamine are subject. Both conditions, if not too far advanced, can be improved by suitable medication. is the duty of all students of nutrition to scan the horizon very carefully for indications pointing the way for rational modifiIcations in the selection of nutriments. An individual so adapted as to be able to digest large amounts of food without digestive or other organic disturbances undoubtedly guards himself against a deficiency of any nutrient in his diet. This, in considerable measure, may account for the great capacity for work shown by some heavy eaters. On the other hand, many people are undoubtedly limited in their performance due to a shortage of a necessary constituent. When the food consumption is large there is little cause for concern, but when it is limited in quantity and in variety it is well to realize that any one of the factors, viz., vitamines, protein, salts or energy may limit a man's capacity for work. It might be said that it is unfortunate that man is not gifted with a sense of perception indicating to him the specific dietary needs of his body. He is either hungry or satisfied and ultimately he feels well or unwell. It is sufficient to say that vitamines are indispensably necessary in the diet, but for normal nutrition, if the individual has the opportunity to select his foods as he desires, lack of vitamines should undoubtedly give no greater cause for concern than lack of suitable proteins or salts. There is cause to look forward with considerable anticipation to the economic results which are bound to come with a fuller knowledge of what constitutes the valuable dietetic properties of many food materials individually and in various combinations. THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE IN July, 1818, The American Journal of Science and Arts was established by Benjamin Silliman, professor, as the title page of the first number states, of chemistry, mineralogy, etc., in Yale College. In the century that has since elapsed, the journal has witnessed and been itself a part in the most notable of all performances, the development of modern science. The present editor, Edward S. Dana, the grandson of Silliman, and like him professor at Yale, including mineralogy and other physical sciences in his field, has done well to issue a centennial number of the journal and himself review its history, while other contributors, who have been active in its work, sketch the history of the sciences covered by it. These articles have been made the basis of seven Silliman lectures, to be published by the Yale University Press, in accordance with the terms of the foundation established by a nephew of Benjamin Silliman. The advancement of science in the past century and its progress in this country are the more notable if we compare the present situation with the humble and almost naïve beginnings of the Journal, and contrast them with other forms of human achievement, as poetry, literature, music and the fine arts, which at most have remained stationary, while our political institutions have progressed so little that they permit wars as devastating as those of the Napoleonic era. The Journal was a modest quarterly, but the "Plan of the Work" with which it opens includes an am bitious medley of subjects which indicates so correctly the situation of science a hundred years ago that it deserves to be quoted: This Journal is intended to embrace the circle of THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES, with their application to THE ARTS, and to every useful purpose. It is designed as a deposit for original American communications; but will contain also occasional selections from Foreign Journals, and other countries. notices of the progress of science in Within its plan are embraced NATURAL HISTORY, in its three great departments of MINERALOGY, BOTANY, and ZOOLOGY; CHEMISTRY and NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, in their various branches: and MATHEMATICS, pure and mixed. It will be a leading object to illustrate AMERICAN NATURAL HISTORY, and especially our MINERALOGY and GEOLOGY. The APPLICATIONS of these sciences are obviously as numerous as physical arts, and physical wants; for no one of these arts or wants can be named which is not connected with them. While SCIENCE will be cherished for its own sake, and with a due respect for its own inherent dignity; it will also be employed as the handmaid to the Arts. Its numerous applications to AGRICULTURE, the most important of earliest and them; to our MANUFACTURES, both mechanical and chemical; and to our DOMESTIC ECONOMY, will be carefully sought out, and faithfully made. It is also within the design of this Journal to receive communications on MUSIC, SCULPTURE, ENGRAVING, PAINTING, and generally on the fine and liberal, as well as useful arts; On Military and Civil Engineering, and the art of Navigation. Notices, Reviews, and Analyses of new scientific works, and of new Inventions, and Specifications of Patents; Biographical and Obituary Notices of scientific men; essays on THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, MORE ESPECIALLY OF MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, AND THE OTHER BRANCHES OF NATURAL HISTORY; INCLUDING ALSO AGRICULTURE AND THE ORNAMENTAL AS WELL AS USEFUL ARTS. CONDUCTED BY BENJAMIN SILLIMAN. PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY. ETC IN PALE COLLEGE, AUTHOR OF VOL. I.....NO. I. -00000 ENGRAVING IN THE PRESENT NO. New apparatus for the combustion of TAR, &c. by the vapour water. of Dew-York: PUBLISHED BY J. EASTBURN AND CO. LITERARY ROOMS, BROADWAY, Abraham Paul, printer, ............ 1818. TITLE-PAGE OF THE FIRST ISSUE CF THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. Meteorological Registers, and Reports of Agricultural Experiments: and we would leave room also for interesting miscellaneous things, not perhaps exactly included under either of the above heads. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY and PHYSI- France, Canada and other countries OLOGY, and generally on such other in dealing with labor in the producbranches of medicine as depend on tion of the largest quantity of scientific principles; munitions in the shortest space of time. The bulletin contains the reprint of eight memoranda published by the British Health of Munition Workers' Committee which was appointed in September, 1915, "to For half a century the American consider and advise in questions of Journal of Science remained prac- industrial fatigue, hours of labor, tically our only scientific journal. and other matters affecting the perThen in 1867 THE AMERICAN NAT- sonal health and physical efficiency URALIST was established, followed in of workers in munition factories 1872 by The Popular Science and workshops." These memoranda Monthly, of which THE SCIENTIFIC deal with Sunday labor, hours of MONTHLY is the editorial successor, work, output in relation to hours of and in 1883 by the weekly journal work, industrial fatigue and its SCIENCE. Simultaneously special causes, sickness and injury, special journals began to appear: in 1875 industrial diseases, ventilation and the Botanical Bulletin, the prede- lighting in munition factories and cessor of The Botanical Gazette; in workshops, the effects of industrial 1878 the American Journal of conditions upon eyesight. Mathematics, in 1879 The American Chemical Journal, now merged with the Journal of the American Chemical Society; in 1888, The American Geologist, no longer published, in 1887 The Journal of Morphology, and so on, in increasing numbers until to-day the files of our scientific journals fill alcoves of a library. The American Journal of Science is now only one in a large group of journals, but it occupies an important place earned not only by its history but also by its present high standard in the publication of scientific research. HOURS, FATIGUE AND HEALTH IN BRITISH MUNITION FACTORIES From a perusal of these memoranda it appears that Sunday labor, in the opinion of the committee, is not profitable and that continuous work" is a profound mistake" and does not lead to increased output; that a system of shifts although impracticable in some cases is to be preferred to overtime, since the latter taxes the strength of workers too severely, results in loss of time because of exhaustion and sickness, and curtails unduly the period of rest; that night work should be discouraged, that output can not be maintained at the highest level for any considerable period if the conditions are such as to lead to excessive fatigue and to deterioration in the health of the worker, with a recommendation that hours should not exceed 56 per week for men engaged in very heavy labor, or 60 for men engaged in moderately heavy labor, while 64 should be a maximum. HOURS, fatigue and health in British munition factories is the title of a Bulletin, No. 221, issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor as the first of a series of bulletins prepared at the instance of the Council The committee's study of indusof National Defense for the pur- trial fatigue and its causes sums pose of giving wide circulation to up its own studies of hours of labor, the experiences of Great Britain, emphasizing the importance of reg |