mann on therapeutics and of Prausnitz on mortality and morbidity are worthy of careful study. Following this are valuable papers by Raudnitz on milk, two papers by Camerer, one on metabolism and nutrition during the first year of life, and another on children's growth in weight and height. The contributors constitute the leading authorities in Germany and Austria and, while these volumes were published sixteen years ago, they still constitute an authoritative reference work. Supplementary volumes have been published, one on surgery and orthopedics and another on nervous diseases, and one on the eye and ear and speech disturbances.

SPECIAL WORKS OF PEDIATRIC INTEREST

In 1905 "Die Deutsche Klinik" included a series of essays on diseases of children on selected topics. Among many contributors of distinction Czerny wrote on the feeding of children, Monti on the most frequent infections of the buccal mucous membrane, Soltmann on scrofulosis and tuberculosis of children, Escherich on acute digestive disturbances of infants, C. Keller on disease of the newborn, and Heubner on measles.

In 1913 appeared the first volume of a book entitled "Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie und der pathologischen Anatomie des Kindesalters," edited by Brüning and Schwalbe, both of Rostock; the book considers the pathology of infants and children and also discusses at considerable length the various malformations. In a special chapter the subject of comparative pathology is treated in which the diseases of young animals are compared with those of young children. The infectious and parasitic invasion of young animals, as well as the malformations and the tumors, are discussed. Nearly every tissue and organ is studied in this way by Jost and Koch. Publication of this work was interrupted by the war and at present (1922) it is not complete.

A composite volume on "Diseases of the Nervous System" by Bruns, Cramer and Ziehen, which appeared in 1913, contains detailed descriptions of the various nervous and mental diseases incident to infancy and childhood. It is undoubtedly one of the best reference books of its kind.

A very valuable book on the hygiene of the child was issued by W. Kruse and Paul Selter in 1914. This work considers growth and development, cause of disease, infantile nutrition, protection against heat and cold, and hygiene of the environment. Another chapter deals with exercise of the body and mind, hygiene of infancy, school hygiene, hygiene of crippled children, training of defective and nervous children and a variety of other subjects. The treatise is a valuable collection of monographs for those who are especially interested in the hygiene and diseases of infancy and childhood.

The "American Text-book of Diseases of Children" published in 1898 under the editorial management of Louis Starr of Philadelphia,

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contains valuable contributions by American authors of note. Dwight Chapin wrote the chapter on hereditary syphilis. There are excellent chapters on infectious and digestive diseases. Victor Vaughan, in a notable contribution on the diarrheal diseases, was undoubtedly one of the earliest writers who considered that the gastrointestinal diseases of infancy may be caused by food disturbances. The late Sir William Osler wrote the chapter on tuberculosis in infancy, and his paper was one of the best on the subject accessible to English readers at that time. The chapters on nervous diseases in children were carefully considered, notably the papers of Frederick Peterson, Charles K. Mills, Allan Starr and other distinguished authors.

A composite book entitled the "Practice of Pediatrics," edited by Walter Lester Carr, was published in 1906. It contains many important contributions and in addition to the American authors, papers from several eminent English clinicians are presented.

A unique collection of books entitled "Collectanea Jacobi" in eight volumes was edited by William J. Robinson. These volumes contain the various publications of the distinguished pediatrician, his medical essays, his public addresses and his discussion of public problems. These papers teem with medical wisdom, philosophic thought and an unusual human understanding.

An English book on "Diseases of Children" by various authors, edited by Garrod, Batten and Thursfield, contains a splendid series of contributions with excellent clinical descriptions of the most commonly encountered diseases of children.

Feer's recent work, "Lehrbuch der Kinderheilkunde," published in 1911, is a composite book and up to the present time has gone through seven editions. The contributors are among the most active and best known German pediatricians. Finkelstein, Ludwig Meyer, Pfaundler, von Pirquet, Noeggerath, Ibrahim and Moro contribute the various chapters.

Kelynack in 1908 published a book on "Tuberculosis in Infancy and Childhood" by numerous English and some American authors. It is a brief treatise covering about 350 pages. The same author has edited a book on medical examinations of schools and scholars with the collaboration of a number of British writers, though there are some foreign contributors who detail school examinations as carried on in their own countries. The edition contains contributions from Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, France, Germany and several from leading authorities in the United States.

The book by Grancher, Comby and Marfan, consisting of five volumes, covers the general field of pediatrics and includes contributions by a brilliant array of French and foreign scholars. Ballantyne of Edinburgh, Barlow of London, Bokay of Budapest, Epstein and Fischel of Prague, and Escherich of Vienna, are among the contributors.

"La Pratique des Maladies des Enfants," edited by Apert, Cruchet and Carriere, is a comprehensive system of pediatrics by leading French clinicians. It was published in five volumes in 1912 by J. B. Balliere.

CONCLUSION

In attempting to make a rapid survey of the encyclopedic literature covering a vast period of time it has been possible to mention only the outstanding collections. To do full justice to any of them would require more detailed accounts and descriptions of greater length. It has been my purpose to give a brief survey of the rise, existence and development of this kind of literature as well as to consider its influence on medical thought and medical progress.

For ages medicine was in a chaotic state; such science as existed was almost hopelessly mixed with empirical deduction and inference, unchecked by rational methods of control. A glance down the centuries from the time of Hippocrates, the first real physician to conceive the idea of bringing together the collected wisdom of the preceding ages, reveals many encyclopedic volumes which influenced the progress of contemporary physicians and stimulated succeeding generations toward greater achievement.

The outstanding lesson to be learned from such a historical review is the fact that preeminent thinkers and leaders-men of real genius, do not appear frequently. Hippocrates had many eminent disciples, yet for many centuries no great discovery was made and no new light was shed on medical problems. Not until the 16th century did the scientific spirit of experiment, observation and investigation permit medicine to emerge from the darkness. The development of physiology, anatomy, pathology and eventually of chemistry lifted the healing art out of the abyss of ignorance, philosophic speculation and uncertainty and placed it on firm ground which permitted progressive and rational development.

Great geniuses-leaders and pathfinders—are few and far between. They cannot be manufactured by pedagogic methods, either ancient or modern. They are not the product of any system of education; they are born great and remain so, and their light and lustre illuminate the field by revealing hidden facts and by uncovering what has seemed impenetrable. It falls to lesser mortals to give such aid and encouragement as they can.

A SYSTEM OF PEDIATRICS

CHAPTER I

HISTORY OF PEDIATRICS

BY FIELDING H. GARRISON, M.D.*

LIEUTENANT COLONEL, MEDICAL CORPS. U. S. ARMY, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Pediatrics as a specialized branch of medicine had no real existence before the middle of the nineteenth century, hence the literature of the history of the subject is meager. Its earlier history is only a small part of the main current of internal medicine.

Carl Hennig's introductory chapter in the Gerhardt Handbuch (1879, I, 11-50), the unsatisfactory fragment by Wolf Becker in the Puschmann Handbuch (1905, III, 992-1000), the admirable addresses of Theodor Escherich and Abraham Jacobi at the St. Louis International Congress (1905), the charming history of infantile hygiene by Auvard and Pingat (1889), S. S. Adams' study of American pediatric literature (1897), Hermann Brüning's illustrated history of artificial nutrition of infants (1908) and his historical review of pediatrics (with an excellent bibliography) in Brüning and Schwalbe's Handbuch (1912, I, 1-20), Ludwig Unger's translation of Metlinger (1904), the studies of Greek pediatrics by T. Kroner (1876–7) and J. W. Troitzky (1900), Sudhoff's investigation of Cornelius Roelants (1909-15), Forsyth's history of infant feeding from Elizabethan times (1910), Abt's history of the classification of gastro-intestinal diseases (1912), Jacobi's history of American pediatrics (1913), L. E. Holt's history of infantile mortality (1913) and Jacobi's subsequent papers on pediatrics in New York City (1917) make up almost the entire literature of any importance. An indispensable bibliography of pediatrics (up to 1849) was published by F. L. Meissner in 1850. The full literature of the subject, up to 1898, is listed in the Index Catalogue of the Surgeon General's Library under the headings "Children" and subdivisions. (II, 936-957; 2. series, III, 422-472); "Infant (New-born)" and "Infants" (VI, 821-860; 2. series, VII, 891-930); and "Pediatrics" (2d series, XII, 717).

In the present study I shall endeavor to outline the subject from the viewpoint of the general historian and bibliographer rather than that of the professional pediatrician, but I shall neglect the customary procedure of attempting to embrace the whole history of medicine in a narrative of this kind. There are many things in the secular and cultural history of races and nations which are of great moment in the history of pediatrics. But it is reasonable to suppose that any well equipped practitioner or specialist of today is acquainted with the general trend of the history of medicine, and my own experience tells me that it will only impede his progress to pester him with irrelevant data about the past. Biographical details about earlier physicians, whose relation to pediatrics was only oblique or incidental, will not be given and will be otherwise confined to men who have devoted their lives to the subject. * Published by permission of the Surgeon General, U. S. Army.

VOL. I.-1

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