Probably this means that the Oriental calendar was retained, and the Uses, however various, had not borrowed much from Rome. And Gilbert had set himself to bring the Irish Church into exact conformity with the Roman; while his old friend Anselm, of Canterbury, was labouring to subject the English Church to the papal authority. This effort was continued in the next century by Malachy O'Morgair, who prevailed upon a national synod, assembled at Holmpatrick (1148), to petition the Pope for palls for the Archbishops of Armagh and Cashel. And in 1152 the synod met at Kells to receive the papal legate Paparo, with four palls, for Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and to adopt the Roman missal in its then improved state1. dici poterit, quam doctissimum unius ordinis in alterius ecclesia idiotam et laicum fieri? Prolog. Gilberti Lunicensis Episc. De Usu Ecclesiastico. See Ussher, Religion of the Antient Irish, chap. IV.: Mant, Hist. of the Church of USES. MEDIEVAL tioned in the Canons of Elfric, tutions of APPENDIX. Names and description of the Service-Books antiently used in the Church of England. [A.D. 1000-1548.] 1. THE Church-Books used in the Anglo-Saxon period are SERVICE- enumerated in the 21st of the Canons called archbishop Elfric's BOOKS. (circ. 1006). Habebit etiam presbyter quilibet, priusquam ordiBooks men- natus fuerit, arma ad opus spirituale pertinentia, videlicet codices sacros, id est, psalterium, epistolarum librum, et librum evangeliorum, librum missalem, libros canticorum, librum manualem, seu enchiridion, gerim [= numerale, in Wilkins], passionalem, pœnitentialem, et lectionarium '.' The books used in the AngloNorman period are enumerated among the things which the parishioners were bound to provide for the service of their church, in the fourth of the Constitutions of archbishop Winchelsey, pubin the Consti- lished in a synod at Merton, (circ. 1300)'... legenda, antiphoWinchelsey, narium, gradale, psalterium, troperium, ordinale, missale, manuale,...' In addition to these, Quivil, bishop of Exeter (1287), had ordered venitare, hymnare, et collectare3.' For the time immediately preceding the Reformation, we find these named in the preface to a Portiforium secundum usum Sarum (1544), as church-books which might be printed only by Richard Grafton and Edward Whitchurch :—'the Masse booke, the Graile, the Henry VIII. Hympnal, the Antyphoner, the Processyonall, the Manuel, the Porteaus, and the Prymer both in latine and also in english*.' And the statute of 15495, which ordered the old church-books to be abolished and extinguished, described them under the names of 'Antiphoners, Missals, Grayles, Processionals, Manuals, Legends, Pies, Portuasses, Primers in Latin or English, Couchers, Journals, and Ordinals".' and in the time of 1 Mansi, XIX. 700: cf. Thorpe's Ancient Laws, etc. II. 350, and for another list, Elfric's Pastoral Epistle, Ibid. 384. 2 Lyndwood, Provinciale, Lib. III. Tit. 27. p. 251. ed. 1679. 3 Synod. Exon. can. xii. Mansi, XXIV. 800. 4 Maskell, Mon. Rit. Vol. I. 'Dissert. on Service-Books,' p. xvii. 5 Stat. 3 and 4 Ed. VI. c. 10. 6 For a full account of these old church-books, see Mr Maskell's 'Dissertation upon the Antient MEDI EVAL BOOKS. 2. The Legenda contained the Lections read at the Matin offices, whether taken from Scripture, homilies of the Fathers, or SERVICE lives of the Saints'. This describes the complete book, which probably was more commonly used in the separate parts which Legenda. are mentioned by Du Cange:-Legenda, or Legendarius, containing the Acts of the Saints; Lectionarius, containing the lections from Scripture, said to be compiled by Jerome; Sermologus, discourses of Popes and Fathers; Passionarius, the sufferings of the Martyrs read on their festivals; Homiliarius, homilies of the Fathers; and Bibliotheca, sometimes containing the four Gospels, sometimes the whole Bible 2. rium. 3. The Antiphonarium contained the Antiphons sung in the Antiphonaservices of the Hours, arranged for the respective days and hours: it gradually collected other portions, the Invitatories, Hymns, Responses, Verses, Collects, and Little Chapters; i. e. the portions sung in the service of the Canonical Hours3. 4. The Gradale, or Graduale, was the Antiphonarium' for Graduale. the service of High Mass, containing the portions to be sung by the Choir, so called from certain short phrases after the Epistle sung 'in gradibus.' 5. The Psalterium, as a separate book according to the use Psalterium. of particular churches, contained the Book of Psalms divided into certain portions, so as to be sung through in the course of the week in the service of the Hours". 6. The Troperium contained the Sequences, and was required Troperium. only when the Gradale did not contain them. These Tropi, or Sequentiæ, were verses sung before or after the Introit and Hymns, and sometimes in the middle of them. At the last revision of the Roman Missal under Pius the Fifth, all were removed, except four Sequences". 7. The Ordinale regulated the whole duty of the Canonical Ordinale. Hours, and was generally known about the 15th century as the Pica, or Pie. The Priest by referring to this might learn, ac- The Pie. Service-Books of the Church of 1 Lyndwood, p. 251. 2 Maskell, Dissertation, p. xxiii. 3 Lyndwood. Maskell, ibid. p. xxvi. 4 Lyndwood. Maskell, p. xxvi. 5 Maskell (Dissert. p. xxxvi.) 6 Lyndwood, p. 251. 8 In nomine sanctæ et indivi-. MEDI EVAL cording to the dominical letter, what festivals he was to observe, SERVICE and the proper office appointed throughout the year, at least so far as any changes were required in the common office of the day1. BOOKS. Missale. The Sacramentary. 8. In the earlier ages of the Church the office of the Holy Communion was contained usually in four volumes, viz. the Antiphoner, the Lectionary, the Book of the Gospels, and the Sacramentary. This Antiphoner was afterwards called the Gradual; and this Lectionary was the Book of the Epistles read at Mass 2, being otherwise named the Epistolarium, Comes, and Apostolus. The Evangelistarium, Evangeliarium, Textus, or Textevangelium, contained the portions appointed to be read from the Gospels: if the book contained all the four Gospels, it was called Evangelistarium plenarium. The Sacramentary, Liber Sacramentorum, sometimes Liber Mysteriorum, known in its successive stages or editions as the Leonine, Gelasian and Gregorian, contained the rites and prayers relating to the 'Sacraments,' of the administration of Baptism, of reconciling penitents, of Marriage, of Orders, as well as of the Eucharist. Of the latter, it contained the prayers of the service, as distinguished from the Lections and the portions sung by the choir. This volume was called the Missal perhaps in the eighth century. In later times this arrangement was simplified, and The Missal contained all that the priest required for the service of the Mass. The Ordinary and Canon, i. e. the fixed portion, was placed in the middle of the volume, preceded by the variable portions, the Introit, Collect, Epistle, Gospel, &c., for the Sundays from Advent to Easter: after the Canon followed these portions for the remaining Sundays of the year; and then duæ Trinitatis. Incipit ordo bre- This word, denoting an Index Tables were generally made with red initial letters; and so, from being party-coloured, their name in Latin was Pica. Also the letters of such Tables being smaller than the usual text-hand, the early printers gave the name Pica to a medium size of type. Nicholls. 1 Maskell, p. xli. The 'Consuetudinarium' was a distinct book, being strictly that 'in quo Consue tudines Conventuales et Monastica exaratæ sunt.' Ibid. p. xlvi. 2 Du Cange, Glossarium, s. v. 'Lectionarius.' MEDIEVAL BOOKS. the similar parts of the Service for Saints' days, beginning with St Andrew, entitled, Proprium festivitatum Sanctorum; then the SERVICECommune Sanctorum, and the propria for certain occasional masses, such as, 'in time of war,' 'at a marriage', &c.' 9. The Manual was the book of Occasional Offices, containing Manuale. the services for baptism, matrimony, visitation of the sick, churching of women, extreme unction, burial, and others of less frequent use, as well as portions of the Service of Mass upon great occasions2. 10. The Hymns were also arranged in a separate volume, or Hymnarium. Hymnarium, in the order of the days on which they occurred in the offices of the Hours. In an edition printed at Cologne (1525), there are 122 hymns; and not only are these noted fully, but some, which at certain seasons varied in their chant, have these variations also given3. 11. We do not know at what early period the 'Canonical The CanoniHours' of prayer were settled in the Christian Church. Ter- cal Hours. tullian," (A. D. 200) calls the 3rd, 6th, and 9th hours of the day, 'horas insigniores, Apostolicas.' The Apostolical Constitutions5 direct prayers to be offered at dawn, 3rd, 6th, 9th hours, evening, and cock-crowing. In time of persecution Christian assemblies were held at night; and when the cause ceased, the practice was continued in remembrance of their sufferings, and commemoration of the martyrs, until experience proved the danger of such meetings. Hence the service of 'Nocturns' became joined with that of Lauds;' and seven hours were appointed for the Church's prayers, at dawn, and the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 11th, and 12th hours of the day; the names of the services being, Matins and Lauds, Prime, Tierce, Sext, Nones, Vespers, and Compline. The services of these Hours were to be said in Church, and were called 'the The Divine Divine Office,' or 'the Canonical Hours:' they were formed with Prayers, and Psalms, and Hymns, and Canticles, with Lessons out of Scripture, and writings of the Fathers. Office. 12. The book containing this course began to be called the Breviarium, |