Going Private: The International Experience with Transport PrivatizationBrookings Institution Press, 1 paź 2011 - 324 In the last decade many countries turned to private sources to provide services formerly offered by public agencies. Europeans, particularly the British and the French, were leaders in this movement. Developing countries also experimented extensively with privatization in the 1980s, with varying degrees of success. Because governments around the world are heavily involved in transportation, it is a natural focus of privatization experiments and in many ways has been at the cutting edge. Going Private examines the diverse privatization experiences of transportation services and facilities. Cases are drawn from the United States, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Since almost every country has experimented to some degree with highway and bus privatization, the authors focus particularly on these services, although they also discuss urban rail transit and airports. Highways and buses, they explain, encompass all three of the most common and basic forms of privatization: the sale of an existing state-owned enterprise; use of private, rather than public, financing and management for new infrastructure development; and contracting out to private vendors public services previously provided by government employees. After thoroughly examining these services and discussing the motives for, and objections to, privatization, the authors look at the prospects for privatization in other sectors and industries. They assess those circumstances in which privatization is most likely to succeed and those in which it is most likely to fail, for political as well as economic reasons. The authors conclude that privatization involves many political and social as well as economic dimensions. Privatization is usually not simply a matter of efficiency improvements or capital augmentation but also involves such deeply imbedded societal concerns as equity, income transfers, environmental problems, and attitudes toward taxation and the role of government. |
Spis treści
Introduction | 1 |
Motives and Objections | 3 |
The Focus on Transportation | 6 |
Overview | 7 |
The PrivatizationRegulation Cycle | 13 |
The Provision of Bus Services | 14 |
The Cycle of Private and Public Involvement | 16 |
Differences between Developing and Developed Cities | 19 |
Mexicos Private Toll Road Program | 151 |
Capital Markets and Regulatory Environments | 161 |
Private Toll Roads in the United States | 164 |
The Virginia and California Private Proposals | 172 |
The Problem of Financial Viability | 176 |
Are Private Roads Cheaper Faster or More Innovative? | 183 |
The Problems of Monopoly and Regulation | 190 |
Prospects and Opportunities | 192 |
Developing Countries A Diversity of Experiences | 22 |
Privatization with Fare Regulation | 23 |
Privatization with Fare Deregulation | 27 |
Privatization while Maintaining Subsidies | 31 |
Basic Lessons | 35 |
The British Experiment | 37 |
Competition | 40 |
Changes in Service Costs Fares and Ridership | 47 |
Isolating the Effects of the Reforms | 55 |
Winners Losers and Lessons | 58 |
The US Experience | 62 |
The Results of Contracting Out | 66 |
Britain versus the United States | 72 |
Summary | 82 |
Lessons from the Global Community | 84 |
Service Innovations versus Cost Cutting | 85 |
The Perils of Regulating Fares or Maintaining Subsidies | 86 |
The Limits of the Second Best | 88 |
Overall Assessment | 91 |
Highways Trends and Issues | 97 |
Key Issues | 100 |
Economic Development and Highway Privatization | 105 |
The Modern Pioneers France and Spain | 107 |
The Development of Spains Expressways | 122 |
The Merits of Toll Financing | 135 |
The Advantages of Private Concessionaires | 142 |
Regulatory and Financial TradeOffs The Developing Countries | 145 |
Standardization Regulation and Other Tradeoffs | 194 |
Competitive and Regulatory Complications | 199 |
Prospects for Efficiency and Innovation | 201 |
Environmental and Equity Issues | 204 |
Economic Development and Highway Privatization | 207 |
Airport Privatization in Britain and the United States | 211 |
Airport Ownership and Operation | 212 |
Privatization Proposals in the United States | 222 |
Lessons | 229 |
The US Experience with Private Rail Transit with Arnold M Howitt and Alan D Wallis | 231 |
Bostons World Trade Center Monorail | 235 |
The Dulles Airport Connector | 237 |
The Orlando Maglev Demonstration Project | 243 |
The Problems of Private Rail Proposals | 252 |
The Political Economy of Profitability and Pricing with Arnold M Howitt | 254 |
The Politics of Surpluses and Pricing | 260 |
The Politics of Losses | 265 |
Lessons from Transport | 275 |
The Role of Competition | 276 |
Efficiency Gains versus Transfers | 279 |
The Disadvantages of Externalities | 286 |
Avoiding Subsidies and Surpluses | 288 |
Applying the Lessons More Broadly | 290 |
Some Concluding Observations | 295 |
299 | |
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Going Private: The International Experience with Transport Privatization Jose Gomez-Ibanez,John R. Meyer Ograniczony podgląd - 2011 |
Kluczowe wyrazy i wyrażenia
airlines Albany County authorities autopista autoroute autovías Britain British build built Bus Deregulation buses California Caltrans capital markets charges cities Cofiroute commercial competition concessionaires congestion construction costs contracting cross subsidies DartRAIL Department of Transportation Deregulating and Privatizing developing countries Dulles Toll Road economic efficiency gains enterprises environmental equity Europistas example experience expressways facility fare increases federal France Gómez-Ibáñez and Meyer high-performance High-Speed Rail highway privatization industry infrastructure innovative International investment investors kilometers less maglev ment metropolitan counties million minibuses moreover passengers percent political potential private companies private firms private highway private operators private road private sector private toll roads problems profitable proposed public agencies public bus companies public sector reduce regulation revenues ridership right-of-way routes SEMS SRMC surpluses tion toll financing toll rates traffic United untolled Urban Bus Services urban rail transit users usually vehicles World Bank