APPENDIX. NAMES AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SERVICE-BOOKS Mediaeval Books men tioned in the Canons of in the Con stitutions of Winchelsey, and in the time of Henry VIII. [A.D. 1000-1548.] I. THE Church-Books used in the Anglo-Saxon period are enumerated in the 21st of the Canons called Archbishop Ælfric's (circ. 1006). 'Habebit etiam presbyter quilibet, priusquam ordinatus fuerit, arma ad opus spirituale pertinentia, videlicet codices sacros, id est, psalterium, epistolarum librum, et librum evangeliorum, librum missalem, libros canticorum, librum manualem, seu enchiridion, gerim1 [numerale, in Wilkins], passionalem, pœnitentialem, et lectionarium." The books used in the Anglo-Norman period are enumerated among the things which the parishioners were bound to provide for the service of their church, in the fourth of the Constitutions of Archbishop Winchelsey, published in a synod at Merton (circ. 1300): '. . . legenda, antiphonarium, gradale, psalterium, troperium, ordinale, missale, manuale,3 . . . ' In addition to these, Quivil, Bishop of Exeter (1287), had ordered 24 venitare, hymnare, et collectare.' For the time immediately preceding the Reformation we find these named in the preface to a Portiforium secundum usum Sarum (1544), as church-books which might be printed only by Richard Grafton and Edward Whitchurch :—'the Masse booke, the Graile, the Hympnal, the Antyphoner, the Processyonall, the Manuel, the Forteaus, and the 6 1 The compotus, or calendar, with its calculations of Easter, &c. Arithmetic is rim-craft. Maitland, Dark Ages, p. 29; Thorpe, Biogr. Brit. Literaria, I. p. 71. 2 Mansi, Concil. XIX. 700; Wilkins, I. 252; Johnson's English Canons (ed. Ang.-Cath Libr.), I. p. 394; cf. Thorpe's Ancient Laws, II. 350, and for another list, Elfric's Pastoral Epistle, ib. 384. 3 Lyndwood, Provinciale, Lib. III. Tit. 27, p. 251, ed. 1679; Wilkins, 11. 280; Johnson, II. p. 318. 4 Synod. Exon. can. xii. Mansi, xxiv. Soo; Wilkins, 11. 139. Prymer both in latine and also in english.' And the statute of 1549,2 which ordered the old church-books to be abolished and extinguished, described them under the names of Antiphoners, Missals, Grayles, Processionals, Manuals, Legends, Pies, Portuasses, Primers in Latin or English, Couchers,3 Journals, and Ordinals.' 2. The Legenda contained the Lections read at the Matin offices, whether taken from Scripture, homilies of the Fathers, or lives of the Saints. This describes the complete book, which probably was more commonly used in the separate parts which are mentioned by Du Cange:--Legenda, or Legendarius, containing the Acts of the Saints; Lectionarius, containing the lections from Scripture, said to be compiled by Jerome; Sermologus, discourses of Popes and Fathers; Passionarius, the sufferings of the Martyrs read on their festivals; Homiliarius, homilies of the Fathers; and Bibliotheca, sometimes containing the four Gospels, sometimes the whole Bible.5 Mediaeval Legenda. Antiphona 3. The Antiphonarium contained the Antiphons sung in the services of the Hours, arranged for the respective days and hours: rium. it gradually collected other portions, the Invitatories, Hymns, Responses, Verses, Collects, and Little Chapters; i.e. the portions sung in the service of the Canonical Hours.6 4. The Gradale, Graduale, or Graile, was the 'Antiphonarium' Graduale. for the service of High Mass, containing the various Introits, Offertories, Communions, Graduals, Tracts, Sequences, and other parts of the Service to be sung by the choir, and was so called from certain short phrases after the Epistle, sung 'in gradibus,'-not the steps of the Altar, but of the Pulpit, or Ambo, or Jubé, upon which they were sung.7 5. The Psalterium, as a separate book according to the use of Psalterium. particular churches, contained the Book of Psalms divided into certain portions, so as to be sung through in the course of the week in the service of the Hours.8 6. The Troperium contained the Sequences, and was required Troperium 1 Maskell, Mon. Rit. 1. p. xvii. [p. xxi. ed. 1882]. 2 Stat. 3 and 4. Ed. VI. c. 10. 3 Coucher appears to have been the common name for a large book which must lie upon a desk for use: -'unum coucher magnum de usu Ebor.' Surtees Society, vol. 64, p. 235. Couch is connected with colloco: cf. ledger, or ledger-book. See Skeat. 4 Lyndwood, p. 251. 5 Maskell, ib. p. xxiii. [p. xxvii. ed. 1882.] Lyndwood. Maskell, p. xxvi. [xxxi.]. 7 Lyndwood. Maskell, ib. p. Mediaeval Service Ordinale. The Pie. Missale. The Sacramentary. only when the Gradale did not contain them. The Tropus was a versicle sung before, and introducing the Introit. The Sequentia was a long anthem, or Prose, following the Gradual with its verse. Its origin was the prolongation of the last syllable of Alleluia in a lengthened strain or neuma. The anthem added to the Gradual was sometimes called a Tractus. The idea of the two anthems being, that the Gradual was attached to the preceding Epistle; and when several Epistles were read, each was followed by its Gradual; and then the Tract or the Sequence was introductory to the Gospel, which immediately followed. Notker, of St. Gall (circ. 900), either first introduced, or improved the Sequence. At the last revision of the Roman Missal under Pius the Fifth, all were removed, except four Sequences.2 7. The Ordinale regulated the whole duty of the Canonical Hours, and was generally known about the fifteenth century as the Pica, or Pie. The Priest by referring to this might learn, according to the dominical letter, what festivals he was to observe, and the proper office appointed throughout the year, at least so far as any changes were required in the common office of the day. The Consuetudinarium was a distinct book, being strictly that 'in quo Consuetudines Conventuales et Monasticæ exaratæ sunt." 8. In the earlier ages of the Church the office of the Holy Communion was contained usually in four volumes, viz. the Antiphoner, the Lectionary, the Book of the Gospels, and the Sacramentary. This Antiphoner was afterwards called the Gradual; and this Lectionary was the Book of the Epistles read at Mass, being otherwise named the Epistolarium, Comes, and Apostolus. The Evangelistarium, Evangeliarium, Textus, or Textevangelium, contained the portions appointed to be read from the Gospels: if the book contained all the four Gospels, it was called Evangelistarium plenarium. The Sacramentary, Liber Sacramentorum, sometimes Liber Mysteriorum, known in its successive stages or editions as the Gelasian and Gregorian, contained the rites and 1 Neale's Dissertation 'De Sequen- rectorium 2 Maskell, p. xxxvii. 3 In nomine sanctæ et individuæ Trinitatis. Incipit ordo breviarii seu portiforii secundum morem et consuetudinem ecclesiæ Sarum Anglicanæ : una cum ordinali suo quod usitato vocabulo dicitur Pica sive di sacerdotum. Breviar. Sar. init. The name Pica might be given to these Tables from their confused and party-coloured appearance. See Skeat. Maskell, p. xlvi. [lii.] 'The book which contains the binding customs of a church or religious house': Wordsworth, Introd. to Consuetudinarium of Lincoln, p. xi. Mediaeva Service Plenarium prayers relating to the 'Sacraments,' of the administration of Baptism, of reconciling penitents, of Marriage, of Orders, as well as of the Eucharist. Of the latter, it contained the prayers of the service, as distinguished from the Lections and portions sung by the choir. This volume was called the Missal perhaps in the eighth century. In later times this arrangement was simplified, | Missale and The Missal contained all that the priest required for the service of the Mass. The Ordinary and Canon, i.e. the fixed portion, was generally placed in the middle of the volume, preceded by the variable portions, the Introit, Collect, Epistle, Gospel, &c., for the Sundays from Advent to Easter: after the Canon followed these portions for the remaining Sundays of the year: and then the similar parts of the Service for Saints' days, beginning with St. Andrew, entitled Proprium festivitatum Sanctorum; then the Commune Sanctorum, and the propria for certain occasional masses, such as, ‘in time of war,' ‘at a marriage,' 1 &c. 9. The Manuale (the Rituale of the Roman Church) was the Manuale. book of Occasional Offices, containing the Services for baptism, matrimony, visitation of the sick, churching of women, extreme unction, burial, and others of less frequent use, as well as portions of the Service of Mass upon great occasions.2 10. The Pontificale contained the order of the Sacraments and Pontificale. other rites, some of which could only be performed by a bishop, and none except by those to whom special licence and commission were given; also the changes in the ordinary rubrics required when a bishop officiated.3 II. tiale. The Pænitentiale gave the rules by which the parish priest | Pænitenwas to impose penance, and to admit the penitent to reconciliation. The most famous was that of Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury (671):* another was known as Archbishop Egbert's of York (747).o 12. The Processionale was also a usual and necessary book, Procession containing all those parts of the Service which strictly pertained to the processions, the rubrics and offices of which are not entirely contained in any other book." ale. 13. The Hymns were also arranged in a separate volume, or Hymna 1 See Maskell, Dissert. chap. IV. p. xlix. [lvi.] and the table of contents of a Sarum Missal (ed. Paris, 1529) at p. Ixix. [lxxix.]. 2 See the table of contents of a Sarum Manual (Rothomagi, 1543), Maskell, Mon. Rit. 1. p. lxxviii. [lxxxviii.]. 3 Maskell, 1. p. cxiii. [cxxix]. 5 Wilkins, Concil. 1. 113; cf. 6 Maskell, I. p. cx. [cxxiii]. rium. Mediaeval The Canonical Hours. Hymnarium, in the order of the days on which they occurred in the offices of the Hours. In an edition printed at Cologne (1525), there are 122 hymns; and not only are these noted fully, but some, which at certain seasons varied in their chant, have these variations also given.1 14. We do not know at what early period the 'Canonical Hours' of prayer were settled in the Christian Church. Tertullian (A.D. 200) calls the 3d, 6th, and 9th hours of the day, ' horas insigniores, Apostolicas.'3 The Apostolical Constitutions 4 direct prayers to be offered at dawn, 3d, 6th, 9th hours, evening, and cock-crowing. In time of persecution, Christian assemblies were held at night; and when the cause ceased, the practice was continued in remembrance of their sufferings, and commemoration of the martyrs, until experience proved the danger of such meetings. Hence the service of 'Nocturns' became joined with that of 'Lauds; and seven hours were appointed for the Church's prayers, at dawn, and the 1st, 3d, 6th, 9th, 11th, and 12th hours of the day. The Eastern formularies are supposed to have been brought into Europe during the fifth and sixth centuries. At least, a definite date cannot be assigned to any entire Western system of Offices earlier than the time of St. Benedict (circ. 530); and about that period we find the churches of Rome and Milan, of France and Spain, completing their Ritual, differing from each other in many particulars, but all adopting the following as their outline : (1.) Nocturns, al. Matins; properly a night service, used before daylight, mostly with twelve Psalms read in course, and lessons more or fewer. (2.) Lauds; an early morning service, generally joined on to the former at daybreak, with fixed Psalms and Canticles. (3.) Prime; a later morning service, with fixed Psalms. (4) Tierce; at 9 A.M. (5.) Sext; at noon. (6.) Nones; at 3 P.M.; all with fixed Psalms. (7.) Vespers; or evening service, with four or five Psalms read in course, and Canticle. (8.) Compline; a service at bed-time, with fixed Psalms.5 1 Maskell, I. p. xcv [cvi.] 2 Canonical, i.e. according to the canons or rules of the Fathers; or, said by Canons in choir; or simply meaning ecclesiastical: Maskell, II. p. v. [III. p. iv. ed. 1882]. The earliest daily offices were Matins and Vespers. Services for other hours probably existed from an early period as pri vate or household devotions: Free man, Principles of Divine Service, 1. 219; Bingham, XIII. 9, § 8. Tertull. De Jejuniis, cap. x. 4 Const. Apost. VIII. 34. 5 Freeman, I. pp. 82 sq. |