faciamus eis offendiculum Amb. ii. 407. da eis a bn, Amb. v. 354. dabis ff, Amb. iii. 115, iv. 96. xix. 21. bona a n, Amb. ii. 408. substantiam d. omnia ¿, Amb. i. 371, ii. 683, iii. 246, iv. 604, v. 524. omnia bona (+tua) Amb. iv. 33. omnia quaecumque habes Amb. i. 745. omnia quae habes Amb. ii. 623, 874. omnia quae possides f. + tua a, Amb. i. 371 (codd.) ii. 408, 683, iii. 246, iv. 33, 604, v. 524. ―tua n, Amb. i. 371 (codd. A N). 29. centuplo a n. centuplum b d etc. Amb. ii. 543, iv. 103. xxviii. 1. primam 6 n. prima a f, Amb. ii. 392. Magdalena b n. Magdalene df, Amb. iii. 339. We may gather from these examples that even if Ambrose did make use of a text like that of n, his use of it was in any case limited and subordinate. Indeed the relation between them is very similar to that which has been already observed to exist with a (p. ccxxviii), except that the instances both of agreement and of difference are rather less striking. There is only one reading, bona in Matt. xix. 21, which seems to betray any special connexion; and that is only in one quotation. out of ten, though there is a second (omnia bona tua) in which there is some degree of approximation. The renderings of rà ináрxovra in the two Gospels in which the phrase occurs are interesting enough to be worth exhibiting in a table. This will also give the reader the means of judging as to the exact weight which attaches to the coincidence, for it will be seen that it is not by any means conclusive. Where no reading is given the MS. is not extant. We will supplement this list of renderings from the MSS. by a second list of renderings from the Fathers, in which however we shall be dependent upon Sabatier except for Irenaeus and Cyprian. References which Sabatier's mode of quoting makes in any way doubtful will not be given. Matt. xix. 21. bona tua Cypr. 1⁄2 Amb. 10. omnia bona tua Hil. Amb. 1/10. omnia tua Cypr. 2, Zen-Veron. Jer. 1, Aug. 1, Max-Taurin. omnia quae habes Iren. Jer. 1/2 Paulin. Aug. Philastr-Brix. Chromat. xxiv. 47. omnia bona Hil. XXV. 14. substantiam Hil. Tichon. Luke viii. 3. facultates Tert. Aug. xi. 21. omnia quae possidet Jer. xii. 15. his quae habet Aug. his quae possidet Paulin. xiv. 33. omnibus quae sunt ejus Cypr. 1⁄2 Aug. 3⁄41⁄2. cunctis quae possidet Jer. suis omnibus Philastr-Brix. xvi. 1. substantiam ejus Jer. facultates ejus Gaud-Brix. Luke xix. 8. ex bonis meis Iren. bonorum meorum Amb. Aug. 2. rerum mearum Aug. 2. substantiae Tert. ex substantia mea Cypr.1⁄2 Phoebad-Agin. There is much here that falls in with our previous experience, but there are also some irregularities which at present lie outside it. The most striking fact is the strict uniformity of rendering in d, a uniformity which throws all the more into relief the variety which pervades the other MSS. Yet even in this variety. there is a method, the secret of which is partly known to us and partly awaits yet further investigation. From the text of e we may discard at once 'omnibus quae possidet' in Luke xiv. 33, which should clearly be 'omnia quae sunt illi' as in xii. 44. Probably also we may discard 'his quae habet' in Luke xii. 15. Nearly all the other renderings have some African attestation: the most characteristic appears to be 'res vestras' in Luke xii. 33, which is preserved in the rerum mearum' of Augustine in Luke xix. 8. It is highly probable that this rendering is really more original than 'ex substantia mea' in e and Cyprian. We should naturally set down the 'quae possides, possidet, possidetis' of ƒ as characteristic of the revised text, if it were not for its repeated occurrence in b. Has the process which we see completed in ƒ already begun in 6 in St. Luke's Gospel? The question is one that it would be well to keep before us, but which we are not yet in a position to answer. The characteristic renderings of a seem to be 'bona' and 'facultates.' It is not quite clear where these come from, though they seem to correspond to the double element which we have already found to exist in the composition of a (see pp. cci, ccxxviii). The appearance of 'facultates' in a paraphrastic allusion (not given by Rönsch) of Tertullian's to Luke viii. 3 is rather remarkable; we are less surprised to find it in Gaudentius of Brescia (Luke xvi. 1). One practical conclusion I think we shall draw, comparing the tables just given with that on p. ccxxvii, that this particular method of tabulating the renderings of single words is very instructive. I look to it for valuable help in mapping out the geography, if so it may be called, of the different texts, by showing at what point an intrusive element enters in, and how far it extends. APPENDIX IV. Note on the Latin terms used as equivalents for the Greek κóμn, by H. F. Pelham. I am glad to be able to lay before the reader a note on the renderings of Kun by my colleague, Mr. H. F. Pelham, author of the article on the History of Rome in the new edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. It will be remembered that the table on p. ccxxvii gave three equivalents for the Greek kwμn: 'castellum,' ' vicus,' and ' municipium.' The point on which Mr. Pelham has been so good as to give me his opinion is as to the political conditions implied in each of these terms, and the localities in which they would be used most naturally and appropriately as translations of kúμŋ. A hard and fast conclusion was not under the circumstances to be expected: at the same time the historical data agree quite sufficiently well with the results at which we had arrived independently. Of the MSS. tabulated e and k gave consistently castellum:' they are certainly African MSS., and it now appears that 'castellum' is also characteristically African. For 'municipium' we have a choice of the older settled provinces like North Italy or Gaul. 'Vicus' is too common to supply any definite criterion. Mr. Pelham's note is as follows:: The proper equivalent for kun is undoubtedly "vicus," just as "castellum"= ppoúptov (e. g. in Strabo, Steph. Byz. see Marquardt, Röm. Staatsverwaltung, i. 15), but the usage is variable. Either "vicus" or "castellum" would express fairly enough the distinctive character of the Greek κάμŋ, as contrasted with mods— i. e. the absence of the " dignitas civitatis" (e. g. cf. Isid. Or. 15. 2, “vici et castella et pagi quae nulla dignitate civitatis ornantur .... majoribus civitatibus attribuuntur"). As between "vicus" and "castellum" there was no difference in political status, but "castellum" is properly a fortified place, and is used of walled villages, as opposed to the open "vici” (= kŵμai ȧreíxiσroi), and of small military stations. We consequently find "castella" predominating in wild hilly districts, or on the frontiers, or where Roman posts had been established among barbarian tribes (cf. "castella" in the hills behind Genoa. Sent. Minuciorum, Corp. I. Lat. i. 199, and in Noricum). In the African provinces all these conditions were present, and it is in these that the "castella" appear most frequently. Some of them would seem to have been of the same type as those already referred to in North Italy, many however were, to start with, Roman military stations, or at least connected with the numerous settlements of Roman veterans planted under the rule of the emperors in the African provinces. But whatever their T origin "castella" are unusually frequent in Africa. Many of them grew into towns, obtained the status of municipia, and became seats of bishoprics (see the lists of African bishoprics. Notit. Africae, Victor Vitensis, Monumenta Germaniae Historica iii. 1, and Böcking Not. Dig. ii. 615-658; cf. Henzen, Annali dell' instituto, pp. 23-99. Roma, 1860). Among them occur such titles as "castellanus," "castelli Tatroportensis," "castello Titulitano," etc. (Compare also Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, i. 322; Jung, d. Romanischen Landschaften, pp. 115, 132, 141, 144, and the Itinerary of Antonine, and the Peutingerian table.) Inasmuch as the great development of urban life in Africa dates from the reign of the African emperor Septimius Severus, at the commencement of the third century, it is very probable that to an African provincial of the second century "castella" would occur as the most natural term to express the notion of "villages" as distinct from communities invested already with the " dignitas civitatis,” i. e. of κώμαι as distinct from πόλεις. 'The rendering of kóμŋ by "municipium" is of course a great departure from strict usage. But two changes which took place in the status of provincial communities, especially during the second and third centuries A. D., may help to explain it, if it is not due to simple ignorance or carelessness-(1) these two centuries witnessed the elevation to the rank of "municipia" of very many subordinate communities (“vici," "castella," etc.) which had before been without the "dignitas civitatis," and merely "attached" to some larger urban centre. It was a process of promotion which in the older provinces, and in the west especially, commenced in the first century; and a writer living at the close of the second, e. g. in Gaul, would be familiar with numerous instances of " municipia," which had once been "vici;” (2) parallel with this process, we find single cities (" urbes") elevated to something like a metropolitan position, and claiming preeminence over a cluster of lesser "municipia" round them. Instances in point would be Carthage in Africa, Milan in North Italy, Lugdunum, and at later time Treves, Narbonne, Toulouse, and Arles in Gaul. It is conceivable that a writer familiar with a district crowded with small " municipia," and with one central metropolitan " urbs," might identify the relation between these with that between the κua and the Tous, especially as he would be also familiar with the recent promotion of the petty "municipia" from the lower status of "vici." Such a view would at least be possible for a native of Gaul or of North Italy at the close of the second century. Illustrations of the two processes of change described above will be found in plenty in Marquardt's account of the provinces, Staatsverw. vol. i., Jung, d. Romanischen Landschaften (Innsbruck, 1881), Herzog, Gallia Narbonensis (Leipzig, 1864).' |