B.Sc. Lond., F.I.C.; F. S. Fowweather, M.Sc., A.I.C.; Robert Atkinson Oddy; W. B. Pollard; Charles Kenneth Tinkler, D Sc., F.I.C. Mr. Cecil William Wood was elected a Member of the Society. The following papers were read : "Approximate Method of Analysis of Sausages and Meat Paste." By GEO. STUBBS, O.B.E., F.I.C., and A. MORE, A.R.C.S., F.I.C. The determination of moisture, fat, proteins, and ash is carried out in the usual manner, and the proportion of carbohydrates taken by difference. The estimation of lean meat is based on the absence of carbohydrates in meat and the amount of proteins in the cereal products used as fillers. CORRESPONDENCE. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL AFFINITY. To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,- Referring to my article, entitled as above, in last week's issue of the CHEMICAL NEWS, may I claim a little more space to correct two mathematical errors? Page 145, left-hand column, bottom line, "10-2 cm." should read 10-24 cm. ་་ Page 149, left-hand column, first figures in table, 10-6" should read 106. It will be seen that by making this latter correction the am, &c., "Method for the Determination of Small Quantities of gradation of the wave-lengths is as it should be.—I Acetone, Alcohol, and Benzene in the Air." By Major S. ELLIOTT, B.Sc., F.I.C., and Capt. J. DALTON, M.Č. A measured quantity of the air is drawn through suitable apparatus, the vapours being absorbed simultaneously as follows:-The acetone in alkaline iodine solution and the excess of iodine titrated with thiosulphate. The alcohol in dilute chromic acid and, after oxidation to acetic acid, the excess of chromic acid is titrated with iodine. The benzene in a mixture of conc. sulphuric acid and fuming nitric acid, converted into dinitro-benzene, and after extraction with ether, reduced by a known excess of stannous chloride and the excess of the last reagent titrated with iodine. "Analysis of Sausages, Meat Pastes, and Army Rations." By A. W. STOKES, F.I.C. The Food Control authorities limited the percentage of meat which might be contained in sausages to be sold at a given price, but did not limit the quantities of bread, water, and fat. The desirability of limiting the quantities of water, bread, and fat was shown by a particular sample which contained about equal parts of added water, bread, fat, and meat. Since meat contains 70 per cent of water and bread 40 per cent, no added water should be allowed. In the United States the use of bread in sausages is prohibited, and, as the bread is often soaked in water before use, thereby increasing the percentage in the finished product, the author points out that this prohibition might with advantage be enforced in Englaud. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY. THE London and South-Eastern Section of the Institute of Chemistry was formed at a meeting held at 30, Russell Square, on March 14. Sir HERBERT JACKSON, President, in opening the proceedings, said that the Local Sections of the Institute recently formed in various parts of the country had already demonstrated their usefulness, and were taking an active part in assisting the Council in promoting the interests of the profession of chemistry. The Council desired that the Local Sections should have a free hand in the conduct of their business. The President, therefore, called upon the members to elect a Chairman for the meeting. Dr. BERNARD DYER having been elected to the chair, the Section was declared duly formed. A Committee was elected as follows:-Mr. C. T. Abell, Dr. O. L. Brady, Mr. A. J. Chapman, Miss E. M. Chatt, Dr. Bernard Dyer, Mr. A V. Elsden, Mr. Norman Evers, Mr. J. A. Gardner, Mr. C. S. Garland, Dr. W. H. Gibson, Mr. W. H. Harrison, Mr. E. M. Hawkins. Prof. J. W. Hinchley, Prof. P. H. Kirkaldy, Mr. E. H Lees, Mr. T. Macara, Mr. W. A. C Newman, Mr. F. M. Potter, Mr. F. M. Ray, and Mr. J. Miln Thomson. Mr. William Bacon was appointed Hon. Secretary, pro tem. The draft rules for Local Sections were provisionally adopted, and a general discussion ensued on the proposed revision of the By-Laws for the election of the Council of the Institute. DYEING EXPERIMENT. F. H. L. To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-Turning over the pages of my laboratory notebooks for the late sixties, I find the following :-" Take balf a grm. of a mixture in powder of potassium methyl suiphate and potassium iodide, tint slightly with rosaniline, moisten with glycerin, and warm carefully over the flame; Hofmann's violet is formed. On addition of water, silk or wool can be dyed in the solution. The experiment would serve for lecture demonstration when dealing with aniline dyes. Glycerin retains the CH3I." The enclosed was dyed by this means. [The strip of silk accompanying was dyed a pleasing shade of violet.ED.].-I am, &c., EXPERIMENTER. MISCELLANEOUS. Institute of Chemistry.-At a meeting of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry held at Milburn House Café, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, it was decided to form a Local (Newcastle and North-East Coast) Section. Prof. P. Phillips Bedson presided, and the Registrar of the Institute was also present. A Committee was appointed consisting of Pro. Bedson, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Prof. Henry Louis, Mr. R. A. Moore, Mr. C. H. Ridsdale, and Mr. Thomas Wallace. The Committee was empowered to add three to their number, and Dr. Dunn was appointed Hon. Secretary pro tem. The draft rules for Local Sections of the Institute were discussed and approved, as was also the suggested scheme for the revision of the By-laws for the election of the Council of the Institute. MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK. MONDAY, 7th.-Royal Institution, 5. (General Meeting). Royal Society of Arts, 4 30. (Cantor Lectures). "Problems of Food and their connection with Our Economic Policy," by Prof. H. E. Armstrong. Society of Chemical Industry, 8. "Drying by Heat in conjunction with Mechanical Agitation and Spreading," by E. A. Alliott. "Estimation of Carbon Disulphide-a Critical Examination of the various Methods usually Employed," by P. E. Spielmann and F. B. Jones. "Estimation of Thio. phene," by P. E. Spielmann and S. P. Schotz. Estimation of Free Carbon' in Tar and Pitch," by P. E. Spielmann and H. Wood. TUESDAY, 8th.-Royal Institution, 3. "British Ethnology - The People of Wales," by Prof. A. Keith. WEDNESDAY, 9th.-Royal Society of Arts, 4.30. "Housing and Infant Mortality," by Dr. L. E. Hill. THURSDAY, 10th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Colloidal Matter and its Pro erties," b Prof. A. Findlay. Institution of Electrical Engineers, 6 "Notes on "Piezo Electricity and its FRIDAY, 11th.-Royal Institution, 5.30 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE (WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE "CHEMICAL GAZETTE "). Published Weekly. Annual Subscription, free by post 1 Entered at the New York Post Office as Second Class Mail Matter. CAPPER PASS & SON, Lim., Junior Chemist (20), Inter. B.Sc. (Lond.), pre BEDMINSTER SMELTING WORKS BRISTOL, are buyers of LEAD ASHES, SULPHATE OF LEAD, LEAD SLAGS, ANTIMONIAL LEAD, COPPER MATTE, TIN ASHES, &c., ORES, DROSS, or RESIDUES containing TIN, COPPER, LEAD, and ANTIMONY. NEW TYPE Particularsfrom OZONAIR LIMITED, 96, Victoria Street, London, 8.W. 1 FINE CHEMICALS. A. BOAKE, ROBERTS & Co. LTD., STRATFORD, LONDON, E. 15. experience, seeks Situation in London Laboratory or Works.- Address, L. L., CHEMICAL NEWS Office, 16, Newcastle Street, Farringdon Street, London, E.C.4. Wanted, Chemist who has had thorough ex perience in the manufacture of Alizarin and Dyes therefrom. -Apply, J. W. Drysdale and Sons, 16, Fish Street Hill, E.C. 3. PARIS and LE HAVRE.-Import Firm de sires AGENCY for France for CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. Commercial and Banker's references.-Write to OLIVIER, 35, Earls Court Square, London, S W. 5. in good condition, Sixpence per copy will be If in paid for any of the undermentioned numbers of the CHEMICAL NEWS which may be forwarded to this office : 3041, May 24th, 1918. 3059, October 25th, 1918. 3063, December 20th, 19.8. 16, Newcastle STREET, FARRINGDON STREET, LONDON, E.C. 4. T. TYRER & CO., Ltd Stirling Chemical Works, STRATFORD, LONDON, E on a MANUFACTURING SCALE. CHEMICAL APPARATUS Pure Chemicals for Research Work. JOHN J. CRIFFIN & SONS, LTD., KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.G WHATMAN'S HATMAN at free Seamle QUALITY TELLS. April 11, 1919 IN experiments, the quality of every detail tells. Filter Papers and Extraction Thimbles are important, therefore get the best-get "Genuine Whatman," manufactured by W. & R. Balston, Ltd., Paper Makers in Britain for over 150 years. Genuine Whatman Filter Papers are made in all grades- Genuine Whatman Extraction Thimbles are Fat-Free and Seamless. CHEMICAL NEWS, Preparation of certain Organic Salts of Tellurium 169 SIR CROOKES. THE WILLIAM HE death of Sir William Crookes, which took place on Friday morning last, has been announced the world over, and full accounts of his labours and attainments have been published. There is no need for repetition in these pages; but a few words from one who for more than half a lifetime has been closely associated with him in his scientific work may not be considered out of place. Sir William Crookes was a remarkable man: scientific work was his chief object in life; research and the progress of science his one interest. His energy and patience were remarkable, both in success and failure-for of failures there were many about which the world knew nothing. There were two terms that he called "bad words," and would not allow in the laboratory -one was "cannot," the other "near enough." He was a hard worker; day in day out was filled with labour; and one of his common sayings was that a man could not be really happy unless he had just a little more to do each day than he could possibly finish. The work of the CHEMICAL NEWS was one of his few recreations, and the paper was under his personal control from the day of its foundation in 1859 until within a few weeks of his death. The death of Lady Crookes, which took place in May, 1916, deprived him of his one companion, and undoubtedly hastened his death. With her he lost his main interest in life, and, although he bravely fought on, it was plain to see that he would never be the same again. Gradually his strength gave way, and the writer, watching him, saw a daily added feebleness; but there was never a murmur or word of complaint, always the same kindly greeting and pleasant smile, until physical weakness gained the upper hand and he passed quietly away in the early hours of the morning. "And so familiar landmarks disappear, old memories fade away, and all the busy actors in life's theatre vanish, aud those who are left are those who are to be pitied." THE CHEMICAL NEWS VOL. CXVIII., No. 3078. tion, while in numerous other cases a chemical union Experimental. Tellurium Acid Tartrate.-It was known to Berzelius A STUDY OF THE PREPARATION OF CERTAIN (Pogg. Ann., 1826, viii., 411) that tellurium dioxide could ORGANIC SALTS OF TELLURIUM.* By AARON M. HAGEMAN. In an investigation described elsewhere (Fourn. Am. Chem. Soc., 1919, xli., 300) it was necessary to secure solutions of tellurium in a number of non-aqueous solvents. This led to an investigation of certain organic salts of tellurium, since, in many cases, combinations of a metal with an organic acid radical are more likely to be dissolved by organic liquids than are inorganic salts. Although tel lurium dioxide is chiefly acid in character, there are numerous cases where it shows specific basic tendencies. This suggested a general method for the preparation of organic salts of tellurium, namely, the treatment of tellurium dioxide with the free organic acid. In some cases this proved to be a satisfactory method of prepara Abstract of part of a thesis 'submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. From the Journal of the American Chemical Society, sli, No. 3. be dissolved in tartaric acid and a salt separated out in which tellurium acted as a base. Becker further studied this reaction and reported (Ann., 1876, clxxx., 257) that if a solution of tellurium dioxide in tartaric acid was allowed to evaporate spontaneously in the air, long, radiating, colourless crystals separated out, which his analysis showed to be tellurium acid tartrate, Te(HC4H4O6)4. Becker (loc. cit.) states it is very difficult to separate these crystals from the tartaric acid itself. In the present work the preparation of the salt consisted in treating a solution of tartaric acid, saturated at 20° C., with an excess of purified teilu:ium dioxide which had been ground to pass a 200-mesh sieve. The mixture was contained in an Erlenmeyer flask fitted with a one-holed rubber stopper in order to minimise evaporation and was heated in a sand-bath at a temperature of 70° C. At the end of three days, reaction had taken place, as evidenced by a decrease in the quantity of the dioxide, while a small amount of elementary tellurium had separated out. After prolonged heating at this temperature, a portion of the liquid was filtered and the materials in solution Tellurium Succinate.-A solution of succinic acid was heated with finely divided tellurium dioxide for three months. At no time did a portion of the filtered solution respond to a test for tellurium. There is apparently no action between tellurium dioxide and succinic acid. allowed to crystallise. After being freed from the motherliquor as completely as possible by pressing between filterpaper, an analysis of the colourless crystals showed them to contain 5.60 per cent tellurium. The formula Te(HC4H4O6)4 requires 17.62 per cent cent tellurium. The flask containing the dioxide and tartaric acid was Tellurium Dioxide and Certain Other Organic Acids.— heated again for two months longer at 70° C. and crystal- An excess of tellurium dioxide was also heated with conlisation allowed to take place at room temperature, since centrated solutions of malic, gallic, and lactic acids for if the solution is boiled the tellurium will slowly but com.long periods of time. All of these acids slowly dissolved pletely precipitate as the element. The crystals sepa- small amounts of tellurium dioxide. In the case of malic rating out proved to contain 16:38 per cent tellurium, and gallic acids, crystals could be obtained which conwhich is approximately the theoretical percentage required. tained small amounts of tellurium, but it was impossible The reaction taking place between tellurium dioxide and to separate the tellurium containing substances from the tartaric acid may be summarised as follows:-A strong free acid. The solution obtained in lactic acid failed to solution of tartaric acid slowly dissolves tellurium dioxide yield any crystals after concentration by various methods. with the formation of tellurium acid tartrate. Inasmuch It was evident that if a definite oompound was formed it as the solubility of the free acid and newly formed salt was soluble in the liquid lactic acid. In none of these are very nearly the same, it is impossible to separate them cases was there a separation of elementary tellurium by this means. It consequently becomes necessary to during the long periods of heating, as was the case with continue the reaction to completion. Heating acceleiates tartaric acid. the reaction, but a boiling temperature must be avoided as it will cause the separation of tellurium in the elementary form. Tellurium Acid Citrate.-Since tellurium was able to replace one of the two hydrogen atoms of the dibasic tartaric acid, it was interesting to determine the number of hydrogen atoms this element was able to replace in a tribasic organic acid. Preliminary experiments showed tellurium dioxide to be slowly dissolved by citric acid. Tellurium dioxide and a solution of citric acid were heated together for one month in a manner similar to the procedure just described. During this time no elementary tellurium was set free as in the case with tartaric acid. Crystals separating out from the supernatant liquid after concentration on a hot plate were of two different types. They consisted of large, colourless crystals which were recognised as crystals of citric acid, and some small white opaque crystals. An analysis of the latter showed a content of 9.73 per cent tellurium. By dissolving the small, white, opaque crystals in distilled water and recrystallising, it was found that similar crystals separated first and others of citric acid later. An analysis of the former showed them to contain 21.25 per cent tellurium. Fractional crystallisation was therefore continued. The results of the analyses carried out with each fraction of crystals are arranged in the accompanying table : Since the percentage of tellurium required for the formula Te(HC6H5O7)2 is 25.10 per cent, it appears that this compound is produced by the action of citric acid on tellurium dioxide. Tellurium acid citrate may be described as a white, opaque, finely crystalline compound which tends to separate in small, radiating clusters. In comparing its preparation with that of the acid tartrate, it is of interest to note that its solution in water will withstand boiling temperatures without reduction to the element. Its solubility is sufficiently less than that of citric acid to permit its complete separation from the free acid. Tellurium Oxalate.-If tellurium dioxide is heated with a saturated solution of oxalic acid, a certain amount of tellurium is held in solution as shown by tests for the element. If such a solution is allowed to crystallise spontaneously in the air, a mixture of crystals of the dioxide and acid separate. There seems, therefore, to be no compound existing between tellurium and the oxalic acid radical. Klein obtained similar results when he attempted to prepare a double oxalate of potassium and tellurium (Ann. Chim. Phys., 1887 [6], x., 108; Bull. Soc. Chim., xlv., 714). Klein (loc. cit.) had similar experience with tellurium dioxide and phosphoric acid. A reaction between these two compounds could be recognised. He states, however, he was entirely unable to separate out a definite compound containing tellurium and phosphoric acid. Tellurium Oleate.-Tellurium tetrachloride proved to be easily soluble in anhydrous benzene. Kahlenberg (Fourn. Phys. Chem., 1902, vi., 1) has shown that if a solution of copper oleate in benzene is treated with a metallic chloride dissolved in benzene, a brown precipitate of anhydrous copper chloride is produced with the metallic oleate. This suggested a means of preparation of tellurium oleate and certain other compounds of tellurium with the higher fatty acids. A solution of purified copper oleate in anhydrous benzene was treated with an excess of a solution of tellurium tetrachloride in benzene. A precipitate of brown anhydrous copper chloride immediately formed. The precipitate was gelatinous and extremely difficult to filter. Before filtration could be effected, a purple colour developed in the solution and in the precipitate. This indicated that if tellurium oleate had originally been formed, it rapidly dissociated into colloidal tellurium and free oleic acid. Various attempts were made to salt out an oleate of tellurium from the solution immediately after precipitation. As "salting out" agents, water, as well as organic liquids in which the metallic oleates are usually insoluble, were used, but the tellurium always separated in the elementary form before a definite compound could be obtained. Final attempts were made by using molecular proportions of the two reagents dissolved in benzene. The benzene was carefully removed at a temperature not exceeding 65° C. The remaining black residue consisted of a mixture of free oleic acid, copper chloride, and elementary tellurium. It is therefore evident that these methods do not offer a means of preparation of this compound. Results show that tellurium oleate is probably produced, but tellurium and oleic acid are so weakly basic and acid, respectively, that the compound immediately dissociates into elementary tellurium and free oleic acid. A number of similar experiments were carried out with copper stearate solutions but with identical results. Summary. 1. A detailed method for the preparation of tellurium acid tartrate has been given. It was found that this salt cannot be separated from tartaric acid by crystallisation. This is contrary to the findings of Becker. 2. Tellurium acid citrate-Te(HC6H5O7)2, is produced by the action of a concentrated solution of citric acid on tellurium dioxide. This salt crystallises in white, opaque, radiating crystals. It differs from the acid tartrate in that its solutions will withstand boiling temperatures without |