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is used with the copper solution, gives the thiosulphate equivalent to the iodine consumed in oxidising the copper reduced by the sugar.

The thiosulphate solution may be standardised by carrying out an exactly similar test in which a known quantity of invert sugar (20 to 30 mg.) or dextrose is used. From the data of this test one can calculate the milligrms. of invert sugar or dextrose equivalent to 100 cc. thiosulphate solution, and use this factor in calculating the results with unknown solutions. The value of the factor varies somewhat for very small amounts of reducing sugar, hence it is advisable to carry out standardisations with approximately the same quantities of reducing sugar as are found in the samples to be analysed (see Table II. prox.).

This standardisation must be made each time a new lot

excess of copper, the test should be discarded and another experiment run, using less of the test solution.

12. This may be 1000 cc. 01 N solution, 20 ̊00 cc. o 05 N solution, or 2500 cc. o 04 N solution. In blank tests or when the amount of reduced copper is seen to be small half this quantity of iodine may be used.

13. For most accurate results the thiosulphate solution should be run in in small quantities of 15 to 2 cc., shaking thoroughly after each addition, and running in the next portion while the liquid in the flasks is stul in motion. See R. Kempt, Zeit. Angew. Chem., 1917, xxx., 71; also Chem. Abs., 1917, xi., 2646.

(To be continued).

of thiosulphate or iodine solution is introduced and also, ORDERS OF THE MINISTRY OF MUNITIONS. in routine work, at weekly intervals.

If one prefers to use larger quantities of material the reduction may be carried out in 300 or 500 cc. flasks, using 40 cc. to 75 cc. copper citrate-carbonate solution and corresponding volumes of the test solutions and iodine. Where the quantities of reducing sugar habitually exceed 45 to 50 mg., o'1 N thiosulphate solution may be used without sacrifice in the relative error. On the other hand, if one has material in which the reducing sugar in a convenient aliquot seldom exceeds 15 mg., it will be advis able to use 0.02 N thiosulphate with correspondingly less iodine for oxidation of the reduced copper. That which is to be kept in mind when dealing with any of these variations is that within the general limitations outlined each individual may re-standardise his conditions to suit the kind and quantity of material under investigation.

When engaged on routine work one operator, using a single reduction flask, can complete about four tests per hour; using two flasks he should be able to make six or seven tests per hour. In this case the contents of one flask will be undergoing reoxidation and titration while the other is being reduced. This estimate does not include the time spent in preparing the sugar solutions.

Notes.

1. Stanley R. Benedict, "The Detection and Estimation of Reducing Sugars," Journ. Biol. Chem., 1907, iii., Ior; "A Method for the Estimation of Reducing sugars," Ibid., 1911, ix., 57.

2. E. C. Kendall, "A New Method for the Determination of the Reducing Sugars," Journ. Am. Chem. Soc., 1912, xxxiv., 317.

3. Amos W. Peters, "Sources of Error and the Electrolytic Standardisation of the Conditions of the Iodine Method of Copper Analysis," Fourn. Am. Chem. Soc., 1912, xxxiv., 422; "A Critical Study of Sugar Analysis by Copper Reduction Methods," Ibid., 1912, xxxiv., 928. 4. Leon Maquenne, "Estimation of Dextrose by Lehmann's Method," Bull. Soc. Chim., 1898 (iii.), xix., 926; also Journ. Chem. Soc. Abstr., 1899 (i.), 529.

5. F. Lehmann, "A Volumetric Method for the Determination of Sugars," Dissert., Marburg; through Botan. Centr., 1910, cxiii., 142.

6. F. M. Scales, "The Determination of Reducing Sugars-A Volumetric Method for Determing Cuprous Oxide without Removal from Fehling's Solution," Journ. Biol. Chem., 1915, xxiii., 81.

7. L. S. Munsion and P. H. Walker, "A Unification of Methods for Determining Reducing Sugars," Fourn. Am. Chem. Soc., 1906, xxviii., 663; P. H. Walker, Ibid., 1907, xxix., 541; 1912, xxxiv., 202.

8. P. J. Cammidge, "An Improved Method for the Estimation of Sugar in the Urine and Blood," Lancet, 1917, cxcii., 613.

9. F. P. Treadwell, translated by W. T. Hall," Analytical Chemistry, 1st Ed., cor. 1909, ii., 506. 10. Amos W. Peters, Loc. cit.

11. Should the colour at this point indicate lack of an

AMMONIA AND AMMONIACAL PRODUCTS.

WITH reference to the Ammonia Control Order, 1918, dated May 17, 1918, the Minister of Munitions hereby orders as follows:

1. The operation of the said Order is hereby suspended on and after March 14, 1919, until further notice.

2. Such suspension shall not affect the previous operation of the said Order or the validity of any action taken thereunder, or the liability to any penalty or punishment in respect of any contravention or failure to comply with the said Order prior to such suspension, or any proceeding or remedy in respect of such penalty or punishment. 3. This Order may be cited as the Ammonia and Ammoniacal Products (Suspension) Order, 1919.

POTASSIUM COMpounds-Kelp.

In reference to the Potassium Compounds Order, dated October 17, 1917, the Minister of Munitions bereby orders as follows:

1. The operation of the said Order is hereby suspended on and after the date hereof (March 14, 1919) until further notice in so far as relates to Kelp.

2. Such suspension shall not affect the previous operation of the said Order or the validity of any action taken thereunder or the liability to any penalty or punishment in respect of any contravention or failure to comply with the said Order prior to such suspension or any proceeding or remedy in respect of such penalty or punishment. 3. This Order may be cited as the Potassium Compounds (Partial Suspension) Order, 1919.

BISMUTH ORES, BISMUTH METAL AND PRODUCTS
THEREFROM.

In reference to the Bismuth Order, 1918, dated March 12, 1918, and the Bismuth (Amendment) Order, 1919, dated January 10, 1919, the Minister of Munitions hereby orders as follows:

1. The operation of the said Orders is hereby suspended on and after the date hereof (March 14, 1919) until further notice.

2. Such suspension shall not affect the previous operation of the said Orders or either of them or the validity of any action taken thereunder or the liability to any penalty or punishment in respect of any contravention or failure to comply with the said Orders prior to such suspension or any proceeding or remedy in respect of such penalty or punishment.

3. This Order may be cited as The Bismuth Control (Suspension) Order, 1919.

National Association of Industrial Chemists.-A meeting will be held on Monday, March 31, at 8 p.m., at Burlington House, Piccadilly (by permission of the Chemical Society), when S. R. Todd, Esq. (Ministry of Labour) will speak on "Government Reconstruction Committees and Industrial Chen-ists."

1

CHEMICAL NEWS, March 21, 1919

The Late Proj. Edward Charles Pickering.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY.

Ordinary Meeting, February 6, 1919.

Dr. ALEXANDER SCOTT, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

It was announced that the Society had lost, through death, the following Fellows:-Norman Scott Rudolf, John Young.

Certificates of candidates were read for the first time in favour of Lionel Conrad Andrews, B.Sc., Cressingham House, Carshalton, Surrey; Nicholas Lionel Anfilogoff, Lathol House, Thames Haven, Essex; Edward Bloom, B.Sc., 61, Berwick Street, W. 1; William Brash, B.Sc., 53, Aynhoe Road, West Kensington, W. 14; Isaac Cohen, 50, Redmans Road, E. 1; Swondranath Dhar, 21, Cromwell Road, S. Kensington, S.W. 5; Ralph Eddowes Garrod, M.A., 5, College Gardens, Dulwich Village, S.E. 21; Edgar Thomas Griffiths, Ico, Commercial Street, Tredegar, Mon.; Thomas Owen Griffiths, B.Sc., Hazelwood, Erskine Road, Colwyn Bay; Thomas Haigh, B.A., 15, Cavendish Avenue, Church End, Finchley, N. 3; Frederick Denison Maurice Hocking, 18, Woodside Park Road, N. Finchley, N. 12; George Hugh Hodgson, 41, Roach Road, Sheffield; Armand Houssa, B.Sc., 11, Tremadoc Road, Clapham S.W.4; Henry Lawrence Long, B.Sc, 19, Seward Road, Hanwell, W. 7; William McHutchison, B.Sc., 108, City Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham; William Angus McIntyre, B.Sc., 18, Leinster Avenue, East Sheen, S. W, 14; John Alexander McNaughton, Birkwood, Redhill, Castleford; Samuel Mellins, 50, Great Garden Street, E. 1; Francis William Moorhouse, 57, Frodingham Road, Scunthorpe; Kishori Lal Moudgill, B.Sc., Christ's College, Cambridge; Hari Das Sen, M.Sc., Nawabganj, Cawnpore, India; Edmund Joseph Sterne, Felsham, Bury St. Edmunds; Donald Willoughby Capon West, Slinfold, Horsham, Sussex; Alfred Sydney Vince, 30, Ravensbourne Road, Catford, S.E. 6.

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It was stated that the Society had lost, by death, the following Fellows :-Herbert Stoddard Coleman, George Carey Foster, Edward Lewis James, John Falconer King, George Martineau.

Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Robert Parmenter Burwell, B.Sc., 92, Southtown Road, Great Yarmouth; Charles Hall, Woodbridge School, Woodbridge; Vernon Percy Hart, 42, Park Grove, Portway, West Ham, E. 15; Sidney John Hopkins, London House, Hambledon, Hants; Fred Hughes, 39, Lord Street, Runcorn; Lazarus Mendel, 25, Broadway, West Ealing, W. 13; Rames Chandra Ray, M.Sc., Moradpur P.O., Bankipore, India; Nathan Singer, 147, Upper Clapton Road, E.5; William Arthur Walmsley, B.Sc., 17, Elmfield Road, Davenport, Stockport.

A certificate for election has been authorised by the Council for presentation to ballot under By-law I. (3) in favour of Prof. Clarence Thomas Hamill, 606, Walnut Avenue, Syracuse, N.Y., U.S.A.

The PRESIDENT announced that the following changes in the Officers and Council were proposed by the Council: As Vice-Presidents to Retire-Prof. G. G. Henderson and Prof. A. Lapworth.

143

As Ordinary Members of Council to Retire - Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, Mr. D. L. Chapman, Sir Herbert Jackson, and Dr. F. L. Pyman.

As President-Sir James J. Dobbie.

As Vice-Presidents who have filled the Office of President -Prof. H. E. Armstrong, Prof. A. Crum Brown, Sir William Crookes, Sir James Dewar, Prof. Harold B. Dixon, Prof. Percy F. Frankland, Dr. A. G. Vernon Harcourt, Prof. W. Odling, Prof. W. H. Perkin, Sir William J. Pope, Prof. J. Emerson Reynolds, Dr. Alexander Scott, Sir Edward Thorpe, and Sir William A.

Tilden.

As Treasurer-Dr. M. O, Forster.

As Secretaries- Dr. Samuel Smiles and Prof. J. C. Philip.

As Foreign Secretary-Lieut.-Col. Arthur Crossley. As Vice-Presidents-Prof. F. G. Donnan, Dr. H. J. H. Fenton, Lieut. Col. A. Smithells, Prof. James Walker, Prof. W. P. Wynne, and Prof. Sydney Young.

As New Ordinary Members of Council-Prof. F. E. Francis, Mr. J. A. Gardner, Dr. C. A. Keane, and Sir Robert Robertson.

Mr. C. F. Cross, Mr. A. R. Ling, and Dr. G. Senter were elected Auditors to audit the Society's Accounts. Dr. A. Bramley and Mr. P. Edgerton were elected Scrutators, and a ballot for the election of Fellows was held. The following were subsequently declared elected as Fellows:-Pierre Begbin; Walter Richard Berry, B.Sc.; Reginald Christopher Bickmore; Harry Blackman; Philip Blackman; Harold Samuel Bolton; Stanley Edward Bowrey, B.Sc.; Solomon Nathan Brown; John Joseph Bryant; Alan Chamley Burns, B.Sc.Tech.; George Butterworth; Harold Frank Cabell, B.Sc.; William Harold Squier Cheavin; John Arthur Clements; Edward Charles Cull, B.Sc.; Vishwanath Ganesh Dani, B.A.; Thomas Robert Dixon; John Campbell Earl; Percy Edwin Evans, M.A.; Alfred Farmbrough; James Darnell Granger, Ph.D.; Algie Hancock; Walter Arthur Nelson Hardwick; Benjamin Richard Heasman, B.Sc.; George Samuel Heaven, B.Sc.; James Rintoul Higham; Geoffrey Isherwood Higson, M.Sc.; Frederick William Hodkin, B.Sc.; Harry Jephcott, M.Sc.; André Job; Richard Edward Johnston Edward Likiernik, B.Sc.; Francis Fredk. Mooney; Sydney Walter Morris; Charles Moureu; William Adrian Thomas Nash; Parnell Stanley O'Dowd; John Parrish, B.Sc. Tech.; Francis Falconer Peet, B.Sc.; Ernest Ed. Pendlebury; Frank Radcliffe, M.B., B.S.; Josslyn Vere Ramsden; Albert Riley, B.Sc.; Thomas John Samuel; Frank Comer Savage; Ernest Shepherd, B.Sc.; Arthur John Griffiths Smout; Edward Tyghe Sterne; Hugh Vernon Thompson, M.A.; Rupert Harry Truelove, B.Sc.; Frederick Wilson Walker; Francis Henry Sweeting Warneford, B.Sc., B.A.; Walter Henry Watson, B.Sc.; Leo Daft Williams; Greatrex Johnson Woods; Charles Thomas Woosnam, M.A.

The following paper was read:

"Nitro-, Arylazo-, and Amino glyoxalines." By R. G. FARGHER and F. L. PYMAN.

OBITUARY

PROF. EDWARD CHARLES PICKERING.

We regret to announce that Prof. Edward Charles Pickering, Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, died in Cambridge, U.S.A., on Feb. 3, in the seventy-third year of his age.

Prof. Pickering was born in Boston, and was educated at the Boston Latin School, and at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, where he was afterwards appointed Instructor in Mathematics. In 1867 he became Thayer Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and ten years later he was appointed Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard

College. Prof. Pickering made a special study of stellar photometry, and was the inventor of the meridian photo meter, with which an enormous number of measurements of the light from the stars has been made. Expeditions were sent, at Prof. Pickering's instigation, to various localities on the Andes to make a survey of the sky of the Southern Hemisphere, and finally a permanent branch of the Harvard Ooservatory was established at Arequipa. Under the directorship of Prof. Pickering the workers at Harvard Observatory have undertaken investigations which have led to important advances of astronomical knowledge, including the discovery of many new stars, of variable stars, and of binary stars whose nature is revealed only by spectroscopy, and the annals and other publications of the observatory, of which there are some 60 volumes, give an insight into the extraordinary comprehensiveness and thoroughness of his work. He was a D.Sc. of Victoria University, a Ph.D. of Heidelberg; and in 1907 was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society; he was the recipient of the Bruce, Draper, Rumford, and two gold medals of the Royal Astronomical Society.

than the same substances as liquids, entirely irrespective of the volumes which they occupy. The most marked case of this kind so far observed is that of ice. It bas been suggested that the expansion of gallium on freezing may be attributed to the presence of impurities, but the authors' experiments indicate that this is not the case.— Journal Am. Chem. Soc., 1919, xli., 2, p. 133.

CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN active minerals in their immediate vicinity. It appears

SOURCES.

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. Vol. clxvii., No. 23, December 2, 1918; No. 24, December 9, 1918.

These numbers contain no chemical matter.

No. 25, December 16, 1918 Distribution of Mineral Elements and Nitrogen in Etiolated Plants.-G. André.-Haricot beans were grown in the dark, and the young plants were analysed as seeds as similar as possible to those which were allowed to germinate. When the distribution of mineral elements and nitrogen in the cotyledons, stems, &c., was studied, it was found that lime mostly remains in the cotyledons, while magnesia shows a greater tendency to pass into the Potassium shows the greatest power of young plant. migrating from the cotyledons, but the most remarkable relation which was established was the fact that three quarters of the nitrogen and phosphoric acid present in the seed were transferred from the cotyledons to the young plant in twenty-five days' growth in the dark. Sulphur behaved in the same way as phosphorus.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Radio-activity and the Coloration of Minerals.Edgar Newbery, D.Sc., and Hartley Lupton, B.Sc.The varied and brilliant coloration of many minerals bas attracted the attention of many observers, but no generally accepted explanation has yet been put forward. The authors have undertaken an investigation of the part possibly played by radio active substances in causing the exotic colours of certain minerals. The substances chosen for experiment were mostly clear crystals such as diamond. fluorspat, cryolite, quartz, selenite, anhydrite, apatite, tourmaline, calcite, &c., and the properties studied were colour changes on heating, and on treatment with radium or cathode rays, and luminescence in the same conditions. There appears to be little doubt that the colours and thermoluminescent properties of many minerals are due to the presence of radio-active matter, either in the water from which they have been deposited or by the action of radiopossible that fluorescence is produced by a- radiation as in the case of zircons, while different colours may be produced by ẞ and y radiation, and all three effects may be observed in one and the same crystal. In nearly all cases the colours produced are due to the disssociation of minute traces of certain impurities. The products of dissociation are removed to a very short distance from each other, and the size or density of these particles will determine the particular colours of light absorbed or transmitted. When the molecular structure of the crystal is disturbed by heat, &c., the dissociated particles approach and recombine with consequent loss of colour. The emission of light on heating the radiated crystals is probably due to intense vibrations set up by the dissociated atoms coming together again. The impurities which give rise to this luminescence are frequently quite independent of those which produce the colour effects, since quite colourless crystals sometimes give brilliant thermo luminescent effects, and deeply coloured crystals may give little or no visible luminescence during discharge of their colour. It appears to be fairly well established that phosphorescence cannot be produced in a perfectly Pure substance, and the authors are of the opinion that thermo-luminescence, cathode-ray colours, exotic colours in minerals, &c., are due to the dissociation of traces of impurity in the bodies concerned and not to the decomposition of the body itself. The marked differences in the action of 3 and y rays in producing different colours, thermo-luminescence, &c., in certain minerals seem to

indicate some essential difference in the nature of these rays other than mere wave-length.-Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, lxii., Part III.

MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK.

Purification of Gallium by Electrolysis and the Compressibility and Density of Gallium.-Theodore W. Richards and Sylvester Boyer.-Gallium occupies a place in the electrolytic series between indium and zinc, being far less easy o deposit than indium and much more easy than zinc. By carefully regulating the hydrogen ion concentration and current density gallium can be completely separated from indium electrolytically, and by this means a product having a higher melting-point than any previously known sample was obtained. The com pressibility of gallium in both the solid and liquid states was determined. Gallium possesses the remarkable and rare property of occupying more volume in the solid than THURSDAY, 27th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Fire Cracks and the Forces

in the liquid condition. The compressibility of solid gallium places the element on the curve joining the other compressibilities in the graph representing the periodic relation of this property to atomic weight. Liquid gallium has almost exactly the same compressibility as mercury, and its value is nearly twice as that of solid gallium, although its volume is less. This confirms the universal experience that solids have compressibilities distinctly less

MONDAY, 24th.-Royal Society of Arts, 4 30. (Cantor Lectures). "Coal
TUESDAY, 25th.-Royal Institution, 3.

and its Conservation," by Prof. W. A. Bone.
"British Ethnology-The
People of Scotland," by Prof. A. Keith.
WEDNESDAY, 26th.-Royal Society of Arts, 4.30. "British Engin-
eering and Hydro-electric Development-the
Training of Engineers," by A. Hartley Gibson.

producing them," by Prof. C. H. Lees.
Royal Society, 4 30. "Genesis of Edema in Beri-
beri," by R. McCarrison. "Morphology and
Evolution of the Ambulacrum in the Echinoidea,"
by H. L. Hawkins.

FRIDAY, 28th.-Royal Institution, 5.30 "The Air Road," by Right
Hon. Sir J. H. A. Macdonald.
29th.-Royal Institution, 3

SATURDAY,

"Spectrum Analysis and its Application to Atomic Structure," by Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson, O.M.

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