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held. The following were subsequently declared duly
elected: - Ralph Hall Atkinson, B.A.; Thomas James
Bandinel; Christopher Barber; Raymond Renard Butler;
Charles William Carpenter, M.Sc.; Harry Dean; Nilratin
Dhar; James Russell Downie; Robert Ensoll; Fred
Fairbrother, B.Sc.; Robert Benjamin Forster, Ph.D.;
Kakuji Goto; Claude Saville Grace, B.Sc.; Frank
Nettleton Harrap, M.Sc.; Ernest Mostyn Hawkins;
Albert Francis Huggins; Stanley Percival Kipping;
Philip Lelean, F.R.C.S., D.P.H.; Leroy Wiley McCay;
Wilfred Mather; Donald John Matthews; Arthur Moore,
B.Sc.; John Walter Hyde Oldham, B.A.; Reginald
George Parker, B.Sc.; Arthur R. Penfold; Sidney
Radcliff, B.Sc.; John Read, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.; John
Beauchamp Salter, B.Sc.; Guy Thomas Percy Tatham,

B.Sc.

The following papers were read :

119

-The filtered fat solidified in small beakers is placed in a
crystallising dish, on the bottom of which is a filter-paper
soaked in strong hydrochloric acid. The dish is covered,
and the fats examined after two hours. A pink colour
indicates that the sample is probably margarine. The
hydrochloric acid was found to diffuse half an inch into
the fat in ten days.

By S. B. PHillips.
"A Rapid Method for the Estimation of Fat in Powders."

The method was invented for the estimation of fat in

cocoa, and is applicable to any substance which can be finely divided.

quantity of the substance with trichlorethylene, and of The process consists of extracting the fat from a known determining the fat in an aliquot part of the solution. Such a quantity of the substance as is likely to contain "The Simultaneous Estimation of Carbon and Bromine 15 to 35 grms. of fat is weighed by difference into a 6-ounce wide-mouthed stoppered bottle (about 3 inches by the Chromic Acid Method." By W. P. ROBERTSON. "Additive Compounds of s-Trinitrobenzene with Hetero-ture is added from a pipette, and the mixture is thoroughly high to the shoulder), 100 cc. of solvent at room temperacyclic Compounds containing Nitrogen in the Ring." By shaken. The filter used is made by folding two filterpapers 9 cm. diameter together into the shape of a Soxhlet about inch), which is then fixed on to the end of a 20 cc. thimble, and tying them into a small perforated cork (hole "The Study of Binary Mixtures. Part III. Freezing-bottle by means of a tube passed through a bung, which pipette. Filtration is hastened by pressure appplied to the point Curves." By A. BRAMLEY.

S. G. SASTRY.

"The Study of Binary Mixtures. Part II. Densities and Viscosities of Mixtures containing Substituted Phenols." By A. BRAMLEY.

also carries the pipette. In this way 20 cc. of clear solu

"The Study of Binary Mixtures. Part IV. Heats of tion is removed, and the fat in it is determined on Reaction and Specific Heats." By A. BRAMLEY.

SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND
OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS.
Ordinary Meeting, March 1, 1916.

Mr. GEORGE EMBREY, President, in the Chair.
MESSRS. Thomas John Hitchcock and Nelson Trafalgar
Foley were elected members of the Society.

A certificate was read for the first time in favour of Mr. Maurice S. Salomon.

evaporation of the solvent. The total weight of fat in the substance taken is determined by multiplying by a factor, which varies according to the weight of fat obtained. Thus, if o'3 grm. is obtained, the factor is 5'04; if 0.5 grm., 5'11; if 0.7 gtm., 5.165.

"A New Colour Reaction for Aloes." By C. E. STACY. A pink coloration sufficiently delicate to detect one part of Barbadoes aloes in 10,000 is produced by the addition of a freshly prepared solution of potassium ferricyanide to the cold aqueous solution of the aloes under the conditions named.

By the difference in colour of the reaction the author claims to be able to distinguish certain different varieties

A certificate was read for the second time in favour of of aloes used in medicine from each other, and from com. Mr. Frank Theodore Alpe.

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The introduction deals with the taking up of the manufacture of filter-paper at the commencement of the war, with an approximation of the total consumption yearly.

The manufacture of this paper, as carried out at the present time, is practically in the hands of four firms, and from examinations that we have made from time to time such papers can be looked upon as being well up to the standard of the German makes, and in certain respects superior.

The papers are classified according to their physical characteristics, in which the main question dealt with is that of bulk. Experiments are illustrated showing the relation of this factor to the rate of filtration and absorbency tests.

The chemical side of the question, with regard to choice of material, is next dealt with, and shows the common impurities found and the methods of removing same. Organic impurities are also described, and an actual determination of such an impurity as oil is outlined.

The application of filter-paper for use in milk analysis and other work is also described.

"Pink Colour on the Surface of Margarine." By A. W. KNAPP, B.Sc., F.I.C.

Beakers of margarine left about in the laboratory often become pink on the surface. This colour is found to be due to mineral acid vapours in the air of the laboratory upon the azo colour in the margarine. As butters do not give the colour it can be used as a sorting test as follows:

mercial aloin in medicinal preparations.

CORRESPONdence.

SIMPLE FOOD TESTS.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-Having read in the CHEMICAL NEWS (1916, cxiii., 92) an article headed as above, and recalling having read either the same or a very similar article in an illustrated monthly magazine recently, I beg the space to make a few comments on the same. In the first case the writer of the article states that pure butter can be differentiated from margarine, or a process butter by heating a small sample in a tiny tube at a sufficient heat to melt it, this being maintained for half-an-hour, when, in the case of pure butter, the contents will be clear, whereas a certain cloudiness will be shown in the case of margarine. I have handled a good many samples of pure butter which would not answer this test, which depends upon the separation of the water and fat, and which varies considerably with the amount of churning the sample has received. The spoon test to my mind is just as unreliable, a butter cracking on boiling just as much as a margarine, especially if the butter contains, as it often does, a small percentage of salt. Any fat churned with water will crackle on heating sufficient to drive off the water. In the next case we are told that if an almost saturated solution of sugar is made in a tube and this held in front of some print it should be possible to read the same in the case of pure

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sugar, whereas any turbidness will almost certainly the action of the bromide of ethyl magnesium upon the indicate adulteration. The writer covers himself by saying mercurised ketones the authors have succeeded in effecting that a brown or raw sugar might give a certain amount of this mercurisation by observing the following precautions: discoloration to the water. Although handling tons of -(i.). The mercurised ketones must be used in the solid raw cane-sugar weekly I should like to say I have never state. (ii.). Only the theoretical quantity of the mag. met one yet which will make a clear solution with water. nesium reagent must be employed, to avoid the reaction Also at the present time quite a lot of the sugar offered on the group HgCl. (iii.). The operations must always for sale in grocers' shops is not refined, but simply the raw be carried out with very small quantities. sugar, or the raw sugar washed in the centrifugal to remove most of the dark colour and molasses, thus producing a much lighter sugar; this also does not give a very clear solution with water. In neither case does this turbidity necessarily mean adulteration. Again, we are told an unscrupulous baker will work into his bread as much salt as possible, the idea being that a loaf loaded with salt will retain more moisture and therefore weigh more. I think the salt is more often added in the case of a weak flour to toughen up the gluten and so give shape to the loaf. To tell us to judge the real value of our bread from the heaviest dry weights obtained from two or more samples is also hardly fair, varying as it will with the newness or staleness of different bakers' loaves. I quite agree that now under the present condition of trade more than at any other time should a careful watch be kept over foodstuffs and raw materials, but let the tests given, simple or complex, be reliable and not vague and inconclusive, which, if so, may condemn both the manufacturer and retailer alike.-I am, &c.,

A. B. BRADley.

CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN
SOURCES.

NOTE.-All degrees of temperature are Centigrade unless otherwise expressed.

Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France.

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Vol. xvii.-xviii., No. 23-24, 1915. Electrolysis of an Aqueous Solution of Potassium Orthosulpho-antimonite, and the Composition of this Compound. J. A. Muller. The author has studied the electrolysis of potassium orthosulpho-antimonite, SbS3K3, in two series of experiments. In the first the anode and cathode were both immersed in a solution of the sulpho-antimonite, while in the second series the cathode was immersed in the solution, while the anode

was placed in a 17 per cent solution of soda separated from the antimonite solution by a porous diaphragm. The cathode was a bar of antimony and the anode a cylinder of platinum. The system was kept in an atmosphere of hydrogen to avoid oxidation. The experiments of the second series, which were the more instructive, show that during electrolysis there is no passage of negative ions containing potassium from the cathode to the anode cell. On the contrary, a certain amount of the group SbS, does pass from the cathode to the anode. The experiments appear to show that potassium orthosulpho-antimonite is a compound of the radical SbS, and three atoms of potassium, and not a compound of three negative SK groups with an atom of antimony.

Method of Preparation of Mercurised Aromatic Alcohols.-V. Grignard and A. Abelmann.-Dimroth has shown that in many compounds of the aromatic series it is possible to replace directly an atom of hydrogen by the radical HgX, X being a halogen, a hydroxyl, or a monovalent acid residue. This operation, which the author calls mercurisation, can be carried out with mercuric oxide, or chloride or acetate. In the aromatic series the hydrocarbons, phenols, amines, acids, sulpho acids, ketones, &c., have been mercurised, and mercurisation is a general operation resembling nitration, sulfonation, &c. Up to the present, however, one function has proved resistant, and that is the aromatic alcoholic function. By

Max Polonovski and Ch. Nitzberg.—In order to synthesise
Partial Synthesis of Eserine and Geneserine.—
isocyanate in a sealed tube without success.
eserine the authors first tried heating eseroline with methyl
When the
two substances reacted in the cold, molecule for molecule,
authors then tried the effect of introducing traces of
a new compound was obtained, but not eserine. The
sodium, and they found that when CH3CNO is heated in
benzene with eseroline in a sealed tube, and in presence
of traces of sodium, the product is synthetic eserine.
Thus when a single molecule of CH3CNO acts on a
specimen containing traces of sodium is used, the methyl-
molecule of eseroline, according as pure eseroline or a
carbaminic group can be fixed on the OH or the N of the
eseroline, and an addition product is thus obtained which
Geneseroline in similar conditions yields only geneserine,
is either a urethane (eserine) or a urea (isoeserine).
giving neither an addition product nor a ureic substance
preserving a phenol function. This difference of behaviour
indicates that geneseroline does not possess the imide
group which exists in eseraline.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Circle of Scientific, Technical, and Trade Journalists.-A Discussion on "The Sphere of the Scientific and Technical Press in Relation to Technical Education and Industrial Research" will take place at the next meeting of the Circle, to be held at 8 p.m. on Tuesday, March 14, in the Hall of the Institute of Journalists, Tudor Street, Blackfriars, London, E.C. The Chairman of the Circle Educational Adviser to the L.C.C.) will open the Discussion (Mr. L. Gaster) will preside. Dr. William Garnett (late by an introductory paper.

Faraday Society.-On Wednesday, March 15, at p.m., the Society will hold an informal Discussion on "Methods and Appliances for the Attainment of High Temperatures in the Laboratory," at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Victoria Embankment, W.C. Dr. J. A. Harker, F.R.S., of the National Physical Laboratory, will open the discussion, over which Sir Robert Hadfield, F.R.S., the President of the Society, will prethose prepared to speak on the results of their personal side. Workers interested in the subject, and particularly experiences, are invited to be present and take part in the Discussion. Further particulars may be obtained from Mr. F. S. SPIERS, Secretary to the Society, 82, Victoria Street, London, S.W.

MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK.

TUESDAY, 14th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Sea Power as a Factor in the Evolution of Modern Races," by Prof. Arthur Keith.

WEDNESDAY,

THURSDAY,

15th.-Royal Society of Arts, 4.30. "Forestry and the War," by E. P. Stebbings.

Faraday Society, 8. Informal Discussion on "Methods and Appliances for the Attainment of High Temperatures in the Laboratory." 16th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Organic Chemistry in WarOrganic Products used as Propulsive and Explosive Agents," by Prof. H. E. Armstrong. Chemical, 8. Molecular Association," by W. R. Innes. "Influence of Iron Pyrites on the Oxidation of Coal," by T J. Drakeley. "Essential Oil of Cinnamomum Oliveri (Bail) or Brisbane Sassafras," by G. W. Hargreaves.

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FRIDAY, 17th.-Royal Institution, 5.30. "The Search for New Coal
SATURDAY, 18th.-Royal Institution, 3. "Radiations from Atoms and
Fields in England," by Dr. Aubrey Strahan.

Electrons," by Sir J. J. Thomson.

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Universities, Colleges, Technical Institutes, &c.,

Telephone

Holborn 6380.

Telegrams

"Silexate, London."

now largely adopt TRANSPARENT QUARTZ CLASS apparatus in their laboratories in place of apparatus of ordinary glass, in consequence of its unique qualities.

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was formed in 1912 for the study of the early history of Chemistry and the works and
theories of the Alchemists in all their aspects-Scientific, Philosophical, and Historical.

THE JOURNAL OF THE ALCHEMICAL SOCIETY,

Edited by H. STANLEY REDGROVE, B.Sc., F.C.S. (Author of "Alchemy: Ancient and
Modern," &c.), containing the full text of all Papers read at Meetings of the Society, Abstracts of
the Discussions, Reviews, &c., is published Monthly (from OCTOBER to MAY), by Messrs. H. K.
LEWIS and CO., Ltd., of 136, Gower Street, London, W.C., at 2s. net per copy.

Reprints of the 1913 Address of the Honorary President, Prof. JOHN FERGUSON, LL.D., &c., on "Some English Alchemical Books," may be obtained from the Publishers at 1s. net per copy.

The Annual Subscription to the Society is 12s. 6d. Members receive the Journal gratis, and those desirous of doing so, may receive Les Nouveaux Horizons, the official publication of La Société Alchimique de France, free of charge, except postage (6d. per annum).

For further particulars apply to the Honorary Secretary, Mr. SIJIL ABDUL-ALI, 26, Bramshill Gardens, Dartmouth Park, London, N.W.

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STEREO-PYROMETER

(English Patent 10617/1905). For ascertaining any temperature from 550° C. to 2000°.
Works like a limit gauge, pass or reject. Costs little to buy.
Gives the Hardener a Confidence that is founded on fact.
Makes the Hardening Shop as precise as the Tool Room.

No Delicate Mechanism to get out of Order.
Used like a Stereoscope (for Direct Observation only).

This is undoubtedly the simplest and most reliable form of Pyrometer for practical use in works. It can be used for ascertaining the temperature of:

Muffle Furnaces.

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High Speed Steel Furnaces.
Case-hardening Furnaces.
Steel Casting Annealing.
Open-hearth Steel Furnaces.
Glass Furnaces, &c.

For burning Vitrified brick.
Sewer pipes.

Write for Descriptive Circular from the Sole Makers

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Porous Terra Cotta.
Porcelain, hard fire.
Emery wheels vitrified.
Biscuit pottery.

When ordering please state Temperatures,
as each step of 50° and 100° requires a
separate pair of Cells.

F. E. BECKER & CO., 17-27, HATTON WALL

-(W. & J GEORGE, Ltd., Successors, 1897).

GENERAL

TO THE

CHEMICAL

INDEX

(Vols. 1 to 100).

E.C.

NEWS

REDUCTION OF PRICE.

IN order to dispose of the remainder of the unsold stock, we have decided to offer the few remaining copies in hand at the greatly reduced price of

£1.

Orders should be sent to the MANAGER, CHEMICAL NEWS, 16, NEWCASTLe Street, FARRINGDON STREET, LONDON, E.C.

London: Printed and Published for the Proprietor by Edwin John DAVEY at the Office, 16,.Newcastle Street, Farringdon Street, E.C. March 10, 1916

A

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Sir Wm. Crookes, O.M., F.R.S..

(WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE "CHEMICAL GAZETTE ").

Established
Sixty-eight Years.

Published Weekly. Annual Subscription free by post £1. Entered at the New York Post Office as Seco d Class Mail Matter.

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