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NEW CYCLOPÆD I A,

COMPREHENDING

A COMPLETE SERIES OF

Essays, Treatises, and Systems,

ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED;

WITH A GENERAL DICTIONARY OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, AND WORDS:

THE WHOLE

PRESENTING A DISTINCT SURVEY OF

Human Genius, Learning, and Industry.

ILLUSTRATED WITH

ELEGANT ENGRAVINGS;

THOSE ON NATURAL HISTORY BEING FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS BY EDWARDS AND
OTHERS, AND BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED AFTER NATURE.

BY JOHN MASON GOOD, ESQ. F.R.S.

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF

PHILADELPHIA;

OLINTHUS GREGORY, LL.D.

OF THE ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY, WOOLWICH, AND HONORARY MEMBER OF THE LITERARY AND
PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE; AND

MR. NEWTON BOSWORTH,

OF CAMBRIDGE;

ASSISTED BY OTHER GENTLEMEN OF EMINENCE, IN DIFFERENT
DEPARTMENTS OF LITERATURE.

VOL. IX.
P - PYZ.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR G. KEARSLEY; J. WALKER; J. STOCKDALE; R. LEA; E. JEFFERY;
CROSBY AND Co.; sherwooD, NEELY, AND JONES; SUTTABY, EVANCE, and co.;
J. BLACKLOCK; W.LOWE; J.BOOTH; J. RODWELL; BELL AND BRADFUTE, EDINBURGH;
BRASH AND REID, GLASGOW; AND M. KEENE, DUBLIN.

21 MAR 1962

PANTOLOGI A.

Р

P, A labial consonant, formed by a slight ⚫ compression of the anterior part of the lips, and retaining an uniform sound, and the fifteenth letter in the English alphabet.

When the P is followed with an H in the same word, it has the sound of an F; thus, philosophy is pronounced filosophy: and this is generally the case in words derived from the Greek.

P and B are so like each other, that Quintilian declares, that in the word obtinuit, his reason required him to put a b, but that his ears could hear nothing but a p, optinuit: hence in ancient inscriptions, and old glossaries, it appears, that these two letters have often been confounded.

Several nations still pronounce one for the other, the Welch and Germans particularly, who say, ponum vinum, for bonum vinum.

Plutarch observes, it was usual for those of Delphi to sav βαλειν for παίειν, βικρον for πικρον ; and among the Latins, as often as an s followed, the & was changed into as p, as scribo, scripsi.

P is sometimes mute before t, as, accompt; but in modern orthography it is usually omitted. P, in the Italian music, frequently represents piano; which is what in our music we call soft, i. e. the force of voice or instrument is to be diminished, so as to make a kind of echo.

PP signifies piu piano, i. e. more soft, or a second echo weaker, or more remote than the former: and P P P signifies pianissimo, softest of all, or a third echo, the voice being as it were lost in the air.

P. M. among astronomers, is frequently used for post meridiem, or afternoon; and sometimes for post mane, after the morning, i. e. after midnight.

VOL. IX.

PAB

P was also used among the ancients as a numeral letter, signifying the same with the G, viz. a hundred; according to the verse of Ugutio.

P similem cum G numerum monstratur habere. Though Baronius thinks it rather stood for

seven.

When a dash was added a-top of P, it stood for four hundred thousand.

St. Jerome observes on Daniel, that the Hebrews had no P; but that the ph_scrved them instead thereof; adding, that there is but one word in the whole Bible read with a P, viz. apadno.

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The Greek signified 80. The Latins used P as an abbreviature. Thus P stood for Publius, pondo, &c. In S. PO R. or Senatus populusque Romanus, for populus; R. P. denoted respublica; P. C. patres conscripti; PR. S. prætoris sententia, &c. On the French coins, P denotes those that were struck at Dijon.

P, in medicinal prescription, is used for pugil, or the eighth part of a handful.

P. E. signifies partes æquales, equal parts of any ingredients: otherwise denoted by a or

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PABULUM. (from pasco, to feed.) Food, aliment. Whence the animal heat and animal spirits are called pabulum vitæ, the food of life.

PACA, in zoology. See Mus. PACCHIONIAN GLANDS, in anatomy. See GLANDULE PACCHIONE.

PACE. s. (pas, French.) 1. Step; single change of the foot in walking (Milton). 2. Gait; manner of walk (Sidney). 3. Degree of celerity (Shakspeare). 4. Step; gradation of business (Temple). 5. A measure of five feet (Holder).

PACE is also used to signify particular motions or progressive actions of a horse. A horse has a great variety of paces, as a walk, trot, amble, canter, gallop, rating-gallop, and at speed; some of these some horses have in great perfection, which are nevertheless exceedingly deficient in others; as for instance, a horse shall be a most excellent trotter, who happens to be a shuffling, execrable walker; he shall be a gay, airy, light figure in a canter, and wonderfully different in speed. Good gallopers, again, are very frequently bad trot

ters.

To PACE. v. n. (from the noun.) 1. To move on slowly (Spenser). 2. To move (Shakspeare). 3. (Used of horses.) To move by raising the legs on the same side together. To PACE. v. a. 1. To measure by steps (Shakspeare). 2. To direct to go (Shakspeare). PACED. (from pace.) Having a particular gait (Dryden).

PA'CER. s. (from pace.) He that paces. PACHAMAC, or PACHACAMA, a town of Peru, in the audience of Lima, situate in a valley of its name, formerly beautified with a magnificent temple, built by the incas, in which the Spaniards, when they conquered Peru, found immense riches. It is 15 miles S.S.E. of Lima.

PACHETE, a fort of Hindustan, in Bengal. It gives name to a circar, and stands near the Dummuda, 10 miles N.E. of Rogonatpour.

PACHUCA, a town of Mexico Proper, famous for the rich silver mines in its vicinity. It is 55 miles N. by E. of Mexico. Lon. 100. 14 W. Lat, 20. 42 N.

PACHYNUS, a promontory of Sicily, pro jecting about two miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, at the south-east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the

same name.

PACIFIC. a. (pacifique, French; pacificus, Latin.) Peace-making; mild; gentle; appeasing (Hammond).

PACIFIC OCEAN, otherwise called the SOUTH SEA, lying between Asia and America, and upwards of 10,000 miles in breadth. When Magellan entered this ocean through the dangerous strait that bears his name, he sailed three months and twenty days in a uniform direction to the N.W. without discovering land. In the distress he suffered in this voyage, before he discovered the Ladrone islands, he had the consolation of enjoying

such uninterrupted fair weather, with favourable winds, that he gave this ocean the name, of Pacific. The Spaniards having passed the isthmus of Darien, from N. to S. at the first discovery of this ocean, named it the South Sea; but, with respect to America, it is more properly the western ocean. On one side of the equator, it is called the North Pacific Ocean; and on the other, the South Pacific Ocean.

PACIFICATION. s. (pacification, Fr.) 1. The act of making peace (South). 2. The act of appeasing or pacifying (Hooker).

PACIFICA TOR s. (pacificateur, French; from pacify.) Peacemaker (Bacon). PACIFICATORY. a. (from pacificator.) Tending to make peace.

PACIFIER. s. (from pacify.) One who pacifies.

To PACIFY. v. a. (pacifier, French; pa cifico, Latin.) To appease; to still resentment; to quiet an angry person; to compose any desire (Bacon).

PACK. s. (pack, Dutch.) 1. A large bundle of any thing tied up for carriage (Cleave.). 2. A burden; a load (L'Estrange). 3. A due number of cards (Addison). 4. A number of hounds hunting together. 5. A number of people confederated in any bad design or practice (Clarendon). 6. Any great number, as to quantity or pressure: as, a pack or world of troubles.

To PACK. v. a. (packen, Dutch.) 1. To bind up for carriage (Otway). 2. To send in a hurry (Shakspeare). 3. To sort the cards so as that the game shall be iniquitously secured (Shakspeare). 4. To unite picked persons in some bad design (Hudibras).

To PACK. v. n. 1. To tie up goods (Cleaveland). 2. To go off in a hurry; to remove in haste (Tusser). 3. To concert bad measures; to confederate in ill (Carew).

PACKCLOTH. s. (pack and cloth.) A cloth in which goods are tied up. PACKER. s. (from pack.) One who binds up bales for carriage (Pope).

1. A

PACKET. s. (pacquet, French.) small pack; a mail of letters (Denham). 2. A small bundle.

PACKET, or PACKET BOAT, a vessel appointed by the government to carry the mail of letters, packets, and expresses, from one kingdom to another by sea, in the most expeditious manner. Thus, the packet boats, under the direction of the post-master-general of Great Britain, carry the mails from Dover to Calais, from Falmouth to Lisbon, from Harwich to Helvoetsluys, and from Parkgate to Dublin. See POST.

To PACKET. v. a. (from the noun.) To bind up in parcels (Swift).

PA'CKHORSE. s. (pack and horse.) A horse of burden; a horse employed in carrying goods (Locke).

PACKSADDLE, s. (pack and saddle.) A saddle on which burdens are laid (Howel).

PACKTHREAD. s. (pack and thread.) Strong thread used in tying up parcels (Add.).

PACKWAX. s. The strong aponeuroses on the sides of the neck in brutes (Ray). PACORUS, the eldest of the thirty sons of Orodes, king of Parthia, sent against Crassus, whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner. He supported the republican party of Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius Caesar, and was killed in a battle by Ventidins Bassus, B. C. 39, on the same day (9th of June) that Crassus had been defeated.

PACOS, in zoology. See CAMELUS. PACT. s. (pact, Fr. pactum, Latin.) A contract; a bargain; a covenant (Bacon). PA'CTION. s. (paction, Fr. pactio, Lat.) ▲ bargain; a covenant (Hayward). PACTITIOUS, a. (pactio, Lat.) Settled by covenant.

PACTOLUS, in ancient geography, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and falling into the Hermus, after watering the city of Sardes. It was in this river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold whatever he touched; and from that circumstance it ever after rolled golden sand, and received the name of Chrysorrhoas. It is called Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo observes, that It had no golden sands in his age.

PACUVIUS (M.), a native of Brundusum, who distinguished himself by his skill in painting and his poetical talents. His style was rough, and without purity or elegance. He retired to Tarentum, where he died in the 90th year of his age, about 131 years before Christ.

PAD. s. (from paap, Saxon.) 1. The road; a footpath (Prior). 2. An easy paced horse (Dryden). 3. A robber that infests the roads on foot. 4. A low soft saddle (Hudibras).

To PAD. v. a. (from the noun.) 1. To travel gently. 2. To rob on foot. 3. To beat a way smooth and level.

PADANG, a seaport on the west coast of Sumatra, in the East Indies, in the possession of the Dutch. In 1797, it was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, and upward of 300 lives were lost. Lon. 99. 46 E. Lat. Q. 50 S.

PA'DAR. s. Grouts; coarse flower (Wott.). PADDER. s. (from pad.) A robber; a foot highwayman (Dryden).

To PA'DDLE. v. n. (patouiller, French.) 1. To row; to beat water, as with oars (Gay). 2. To play in the water (Collier). 3. To finger (Shakspeare).

PADDLE. S. (pattal, Welsh.) 1. An oar, particularly that which is used by a single rower in a boat. 2. Any thing broad like the end of an oar (Deuteronomy).

PA'DDLER. s. (from paddle). One who paddles (Ainsworth).

PA'DDOCK. s. (pada, Sax.; padde, Dut.) A great frog or toad (Dryden).

PA'DDOCK. S. (corrupted from parrack.) A small enclosure for deer, or other animals.

PADDOCK, in earlier times, signified a paşture enclosed with a wall or paling of great height, a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile broad, in which deer were coursed with

greyhounds, in the same manner as hares are coursed at present, but subject to rules different from those now in use. These paddocks, from their great extent, were seldom seen but in the royal parks, or upon the demesnes of the most opulent. The sport has been a long time discontinued, and the word paddock is applied in the present time only to a small enclosure or pasture, having a pale to protect it; or to a small tract of land, surrounding, or appertaining to, a rural mansion, where a few brace of fallow deer may be kept, but not of magnitude sufficient to acquire the appellation of a park.

PADERBORN, a bishopric of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, 32 miles long and 20 broad. In the middle of it are high mountains, and iron mines; but the rest of the country is fertile in corn and pastures. It is most remarkable for its bacon and venison.

PADERBORN, an ancient and populous town of Westphalia, capital of a bishopric. It takes its name from the rivulet Pader, which rises under the high altar of the cathedral. It has a celebrated university, and is 37 miles S.W. of Minden, and 43 E.S.E. of Munster, Lon. 8. 55 E. Lat. 51. 46 N.

PA'DLOCK. s. (padde, Dutch.) A lock hung on a staple to hold on a link (Prior). To PA'DLOCK. v. a. (from the noun.) To fasten with a padlock (Arbuthnot).

M. Regnier has recently invented, or rather improved, a padlock of considerable security by means of combinations, of which the following is a description,

The intention of this padlock is to secure portmanteaus, cloak bags, and other packages in the most complete manner, and to serve occasionally as defences to the key-holes of the doors of apartments.

The padlock is composed of four circular pieces of brass, on which are engraven the twenty-four letters of the alphabet. The four pieces are moveable on their axes by turning them with the finger in order to produce the combination by which it is opened.

The combination of the manufacturer is the word ROME: when this word is brought into a correct line with the two marks on the edges of the two steel plates FF, which form the external part of the padlock, those two plates can be separated a little from each other, and the clasp of the lock can be opened by the hinge.

The same process is used to fasten it, with this difference, that the two external plates are pressed together so as to confine the bow or clasp of the lock in its cell at G; after which, the combination is to be shifted so that the characters shall no longer form the same word in the before-mentioned line.

The method by which the possessor may dispose of the padlock to act by a new combi nation, which cannot be known to any other person:

1. A screw is taken out, which passes through the centre of the plates FF. (Plate 129, fig. 1.)

2. The combination which it is intended to

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