into the hands of the Greeks, and Hector, the chief support of the Trojans, slain by Achilles, Priam resolved to die in defence of his country. He put on his armour, and advanced to meet the Greeks, but was detained by the tears and entreaties of his wife at the altar of Jupiter, to which Polites, one of his sons, fled, in the mean time, from the fury of Neoptolemus, who pursued him. The son, wounded and overcome, fell dead at the feet of his parents. The aged father raised his spear, which he darted at Neoptolemus; it only touched his buckler, and fell to the ground. Neoptolemus seized the grey hair of Priam, and plunged his dagger into his breast. His head was cut off, and the mutilated body was left among the heaps, of slain,

PRIAPEIA. See NICOTIANA MINOR. PRIAPISM. (priapismus, panicus, from o, a heathen god, whose penis is always painted erect.) A continual erection of the penis.

PRIAPUS, a deity among the ancients, who presided over gardens, and the parts of generation in the sexes. He was son of Venus by Bacchus. Priapus was so deformed, that his mother, ashamed to give birth to such a monster, ordered him to be exposed on the mountains. His life, however, was preserved by

shepherds, and he received the name of Pria pus, propter deformitatem & membri virilie magnitudinem. Festivals were also celebrated in honour of him by the people of Lampsacus, and they gave themselves up to every lascivious ness and impurity during the celebration. His worship was also introduced in Rome; but the Romans revered him more as a god of orchards and gardens, than as the patron of licentions. ness. He is generally represented with an ho man face, and the ears of a goat; he holds a stick in his hand, with which he terrifies birds, as also a club to drive away thieves, and a scythe to prune the trees and cut down the corn.-2. A town of Asia Minor, near Lampsacus. Pria pus was the deity of the place, and from him the town received its name, because he had taken refuge there when banished from Lamp‐ sacus.

PRIBODA, a town of Sweden, in the province of Smaland, 16 miles S.S.W. of Carlscrona. Lon. 15. 18 E. Lat. 56. 10 N.

PRICE. s. (prix, Fr. prælium, Lat.) 1. Equivalent paid for any thing (Bacon). 2. Value; estimation; supposed excellence (Bacon). 3. Rate at which any thing is sold (Locke). 4. Reward; thing purchased by merit (Pope).

To PRICE. v. a. To pay for (Spenser).

A TABLE exhibiting the PRICES of various Necessaries of Life, together with that of Day Labour, in Sterling Money, and also in Decimals, at different Periods from the Conquest to the Year 1800, derived from respectable Authorities; with the Depreciation of the Value of Money inferred therefrom. To which is added, the mean Appreciation of Money, according to a Series of Intervals of 50 Years, for the first 600 Years; and, during the present Century, at shorter Periods, deduced by Interpolation. By Sir George Shuckburgh Evelyn, Bart. F. R. S. and A. S. (From the Philosophical Transactions.)

Cattle in Husbandry.

Appreciation Interpolation.

Horse.

Ox.

Cow.

L.

s. d. L.

+89

76 O 20

600

37

sleep. s. d. L. s. d. L. s. d. 20 36

Hog.

Goose Hen.

s. d. s. d.

Mean

Beef Labour and in us

Mutton bandry) per lb. per day

A. D.

Twelve

miscel

Wheat.

d. gr. s. d.

laneous Article:

Meat.

Day Labour.

Mean 0; all.

1 30 29

PRICE (Rev. Richard), D.D. LL.D. fellow of the royal society of London, and of the academy of sciences, New England, was born at Tynton in Glamorganshire, February 22, 1723. His father was a dissenting minister at Bridg end in that county, and died in 1739. At eight years old he was placed under a Mr. Simmons of Neath; and in four years removed to Pentwyn in Caermarthenshire under the Rev. Samuel Jones, whom he represented as a man of a very enlarged mind, and who first inspired him with liberal sentiments of religion. Having lived as long with him as with Mr. Simmons, he was sent to Mr. Griffith's academy at Talgarth in Breconshire. In 1740 he lost his mother; and on this he quitted the academy and came to London. Here he was settled at that academy of which Mr. Eames was the principal tutor, under the patronage of his uncle the Rev. S. Price, who was copastor with Dr. Watts upwards of 40 years. At the end of four years he left this academy, and resided with Mr. Streatfield of Stoke Newington in the quality of domestic chaplain, while at the same time he regularly assisted Dr. Chandler at the Old Jewry, and occasionally assisted others. Having lived with Mr. Streatfield near 13 years, on his death and his uncle's he was induced to change his situation, and in 1757 married Miss S. Blundell of Leicestershire. He then settled at Hackney; but being shortly after chosen minister at Newington Green, he lived there until the death of his wife, which was in 1786, when he returned to Hackney. He was next chosen afternoon-preacher at the meeting-house in PoorJewry-street; but this he resigned on being elected pastor of the Gravel-pit meeting, Hackney, and afternoon-preacher at Newington Green. These he resigned with a farewell-sermon in February 1791. Shortly after he was attacked with a nervous fever; which disappearing was succeeded by a disorder in his bladder, which reduced him to such a degree that, worn out with agony and disease, he died without a groan on the 19th of April, 1791. He left his property to a sister and two nephews.

Dr. Kippis, speaking of his learning and pursuits, observes, that his chief aim was to lay a foundation for solid knowledge, by an application to sciences of the noblest kind. It was on the great and fundamental principles and obligations of morality, on the higher species of mathematics, on the sublimer parts of natural philosophy, on the true basis of government, and on the questions which relate to the essential welfare and dignity of man, that his studies were employed; and in the prosecution of these studies he not only enriched his own mind, but was enabled to become of eminent service to his country and to the world. In his moral writings he has laboured with distinguished ability to build the science of ethics on an immutable basis; and what he has advanced will always stand high in estimation, as one of the strongest efforts of human reason in favour of the system he has adopted. For myself (adds Dr. Kippis), I

scruple not to say, that I regard the treatise referred to as a rich treasure of valuable infor mation, and as deserving to be ranked among the first productions of its kind. With respect to his other ethical works, every one must ad mire the zeal, earnestness, and strength, with which he endeavours to lead men into pious views of Gol, of providence and prayer; and to promote the exercise of devout and amiable dispositions. In consequence of his profound knowledge in mathematical calculations, be was qualified at a particular crisis for being of singular utility to his fellow-citizens. A number of schemes for insurance for lives, and the benefit of survivorship, promising mighty ad vantages, were ris.ng up in the metropolis. These ruinous schemes would have been car ried to great excess, had not Dr. Price stepped forward and dispelled the delusion. Gratitude will not allow us to forget the ability and spirit with which he awakened the attention of ba countrymen to the reduction of the national debt. With him it was that the scheme of the late Mr. Pitt for that purpose originated. What crowned the whole of his character was, its being an assemblage of the most amiable and excellent private virtues. His piety wat sincere, humble, and fervent; his souf pare and elevated. In his views disinterested and noble, and in his manners mild and gentle, the applause of his talents and virtues will be transmitted to future ages, and he will be united in the catalogue with the most eminent benefae tors of mankind."

This is the panegyric of a friend; but with few abatements it will be admitted, we appre hend, by most of our readers.

The works of Dr. Price were, A Review of the principal Questions and Difficulties in Morals, 8vo. 1758; Dissertations on Providence, &c. 8vo. 1767; Observations on Reversionary Payments, &c. 8vo. 1771; Appeal on the National Debt, &c. 8vo. 1773; Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 1776; on Materialism and Necessity, in a Correspondence be tween Dr. Price and Dr. Priestley, 1779; on Annuities, Assurances, Population, &c. 8vo. 1779; on the Population of England, 1780; on the Public Debts, Finances, Loans, &c. 8vo. 1783; on Reversionary Payments, 2 vols. 1783; on the Importance of the American Revolution, 1784 besides Sermons, and a variety of papers in the Philosophical Transactions on astronomical and other philosophi car subjects.

To PRICK. v. a. (prician, Saxon.) 1. To pierce with a small puncture (Arbuthnot). 2. To form or erect with an acuminated paint (Bacon). 3. To fix by the point (Newton), 4. To hang on a point (Sandys). 5. To no minate by a puncture or mark (Shakspeare), 6. To spur; to goad; to impel; to incite (St.), 7. To pain; to pierce with remorse (Acts). §. To make acid (Hudibras). 9. To mark a tune.

To PRICK. v. n. (prijken, Dutch.) 1. To dress one's self for show. 2. To come upon the spur (Spenser).

PRICK. 3. (pricca, Saxon.) 1. A sharp slender instrument; any thing by which a puncture is made (Davies). 2. A thorn in the mind; a teasing and tormenting thought; remorse of conscience (Shakspeare). 3. A spot or mark at which archers aim (Carew). 4. A point; a fixed place (Shakspeare). 5. A puncture (Brown). 6. The print of a hare in the ground.

PRICKER. s. (from prick.) 1. A sharppointe instrument (Moxon). 2. A light horseman not used (Hayward).

PRICKET. s. (from prick.) A buck in his second year (Manwood).

PRICKING, in farriery, a very common accident which happens to the horse in shoeing. (See PUNCTURE.) It takes place either in consequence of the farrier's rashness in entering the nail too close to the sensible parts, or of the accidental bending of the nail in an unfavourable direction afterwards. When this happens the horse soon becomes lame; and it will be necessary, in the first instance, to draw the nail which has occasioned the mischief, and, secondly, to apply such remedies as are likely to abate inflammation in the foot. Instead of this, however, it is too common to treat the part with stimulating oils and

tinctures.

PRICKLE. Aculeus. In botany, a sharp process from a plant, fixed into the bark only: as in rose, bramble, gooseberry, and barberry. This and the thorn are called arma by Linnéus, and are enumerated among the fuleres.

Prickles are straight-bent in, incurvate; or bent back, recurvate. When divided, they take the name of furcæ, forks or forked prickies; and are called bifid, trifid, &c. from the number of divisions.

- PRICKLINESS. s. (from prickly.) Fulness of sharp points.

PRICKLOUSE. s. (prick and louse.) A word of contempt for a tailor (L'Estrange). PRICKLY. a. (from prick.) Full of sharp points (Bacon).

PRICKLY PEAR, in botany. See CAC

PRIDE. s. (priz, or prýd, Saxon.) 1. Inordinate and unreasonable self-esteem (Milt.). 2. Insolence; rude treatment of others; insolent exultation (Milton). 3. Dignity of manner; loftiness of air. 4. Generous elation of heart (Smith). 5. Elevation; dignity (Sha.). 6. Ornament; show; decoration (Milton). 7. Splendour; ostentation (Dryden). 8. The state of a female beast soliciting the male (Shakspeare).

Pride may be distinguished from words nearly synonymous, in the following man

ner.

Pride is, as above, unreasonable or inordinate

self-esteem. Arrogance implies taking much upon ourselves, and is pride attended with insolence and contempt. Vanity is accompanied with affectation, and exerts itself in catching the applause of others. By presumption is understood a blind and adventurous confidence. The proud consider themselves in their own. mind; full, and self-swoln, they are taken up with their own person. The arrogant claim to themselves what they have not the least pretensions to; are ready to insult those who will not allow them what they claim, and look down on the rest of the world with contempt. The vain value themselves upon the opinion of others; greedy of esteem, they are eager to engross the attention of all mankind. The presumptuous carry their audacious hopes even to chimeras; bold to undertake, they fondly imagine they have power to do every thing.

For some very excellent remarks on the dan gerous moral tendency of pride, we refer to a valuable sermon on Modern Infidelity by Robert Hall, A. M.

PRIDE, in ichthyology. See PETROMY

ΖΟΝ.

To PRIDE. v. a. (from the noun.) To make proud; to rate himself high.

PRIDEAUX (Humphrey), was born at Padstow in Cornwall in 1648. He studied three years at Westminster under Dr. Busby; and was thence removed to Christ-church, Oxford. Here he published, in 1676, his Marmora Oxoniensia ex Arundelianis, Seldenianis, aliisque conflata, cum perpetuo Commentario. This introduced him to the lord chancellor Finch, afterwards earl of Nottingham, who in 1679 presented him to the rectory of St. Clement near Oxford, and in 1681 bestowed on him a prebend of Norwich. Some years after he was engaged in a controversy with the papists at Norwich, concerning the validity of the orders of the church of England, which produced his book upon that subject. In 1688 he was installed in the archdeaconry of Suffolk; to which he was collated by Dr. Lloyd, then bishop of Norwich. In 1691, upon the death of Dr. Edward Pococke, the Hebrew professorship at Oxford, being vacant, was offered to Dr. Prideaux; but he refused it. In 1697 he published his Life of Mahomet, and in 1702 was installed dean of Norwich. In 1710 he was cut for the stone; which interrupted his studies for more than a year. Some time after his return to London, he proceeded with his Connection of the History of the Old and New Testament; which he had begun when he laid aside the design of writing the History of Appropriations. died in 1724.

He

PRIEBUS, a town of Silesia, in the prin cipality of Sagan, situate on the Neisse, 15 miles S.W. of Sagan. Lon. 15. 12 E. Lat. 51. 32 N.

PRIENE, a maritime town of Asia Minor, one of the twelve independent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to Bias, one of the seven wise men of Greece (Paus.).

PRIEF, for proof (Spenter).