the vena portæ, a third into the ductas communis choledochus, and a fourth in the vena cava hepatica. The four injections are the red, yellow, dark blue, and light blue. First, throw the red injection into the hepatic artery, next the dark blue into the vena portæ, then the light blue into the eava hepatice, and lastly, the yellow into the ductus communis choledochus. Remove the pipes as soon as the injection will permit; and, when corroded, fix the trunks in the best manner possible, upon a proper pedestal: then wash away the flesh, dry it, and cover it with a glass.

Kidney-Choose the kidney of an old drunkard. Cut the emulgent vessels close to the aorta and cava, and the ureter, very low; then remove the kidney, with all its surrounding adeps.

Soak out the blood, and press out all the fluid. Fix a pipe in the emulgent artery, another in the vein, and a third in the ureter; and tie up all the open-mouthed vessels.

Red, blue, and yellow. First throw the yellow into the vein, then the red into the artery, and lastly, the blue into the ureter.

Preserve under a glass bell. The kidneys of different animals form a beautiful exhibition.

It hence appears then, in few words, that the manner of preserving anatomical preparations is either by drying them thoroughly in the air, or putting them into a pri per liquor. In drying parts which are thick, when the weather is warm, care must be taken to prevent putrefaction, flyblows, insects, &c. This is easily done by the use of a solution of corrosive sublimate in spirit of wine, in the proportion of two drams of sublimate to a pound of spirit: the part should be moistened with this liquor as it dries, and by this method the body of a child may be kept safe even in summer. Dried preparations are apt to crack and moulder away in keeping; to prevent this, their surface should be covered with a thick varnish, repeated as often as occasion requires.

Though several parts prepared dry are useful, yet others must be so managed as to be always flexible, and nearer a natural state. The difficulty has been to find a proper liquor for this purpose. Dr. Monro says, the best he knows is a well rectified colourless spirit of wine, to which is added a small quantity of the spirit of vitriol or nitre. When these are properly mixed, they neither change their colour nor the consistence of the parts, except where there are serous or mucous liquors contained in them. The brain, even of a young child, in this mixture grows so firm as to admit of gentle handling, as do also the vitreous and crystalline humours of the eye. The liquor of the sebaceous glands and the semen are coagulated by this spirituous mixture; and it heightens the red colour of the injection of the blood-vessels, so that after the part has been in it a little time, several vessels appear which were before invisible. If you will compare these effects with what Ruysch has said of his balsam, you will find the liquor above-mentioned to come very near to it.

The proportion of the two spirits must be changed according to the part prepared. For the brain and humours of the eye, you must put two drams of spirit of nitre to one pound of spirit of wine. In preserving other parts which are harder, 30 or 40 drops of the acid will be sufficient; a larger quantity will make bones flexible, and even dissolve them.

Dr. Christ. Jac. Trew prefers the rectified spirit of grain for preserving anatomical preparations to

spirit of wine, or to compositions of alcohol, sm. ber, camphor, &c. because these soon change m a brown colour, whereas the spirit from malt pre serves its limpid appearance. When any part to be preserved wet, wash it with water til it is p more tinctured. The water is next to be washed away with spirits, and then the preparation is to be put among spirits in a glass, the mouth of which is to be closely covered with a glass head, orr which a wet bladder and leaf-tin are to be tid. Com. Lit. Norimb. 1731, semest 1 specim. 9. See also Pole's Anatomical Instructor, and Amen can Transactions, vol. ii. p. 366.

II. PREPARATION OF VEGETABLES. This is of as essential consequence to a thorough knowledge of botany, as the preparation of animals is to a thorough knowledge of zoology or anatomy, The plant or part of a plant in this process is first carefully dried, and then pasted into blank bucks of sufficient magnitude for tecir reception witho being cramped. The volumes thus filed are de nominated a HORTUS SICCUS: and as we have de scribed the method of drying plants and pastin them into volumes under that name, we shall ref: the reader to the article which it contains.

PREPARATION OF DISCORDS. See Mr

SIC.

PREPARATIONS, in pharmacy, the med cines when mixed together in such a manner as to be fit for the use of the patient. See PHARMACY.

PREPARATIVE. a. (preparatif, French. Having the power of preparing, qualifying, t fitting (South).

PREPARATIVE. s. (preparatif, French. 1. That which has the power of preparing of previously fitting (Decay of Piety). 2. Th which is done in order to something else (King Charles).

PREPARATIVELY. ad. (from prepa rative.) Previously; by way of preparation (Hale).

PREPARATORY. a. (preparatoire, Fr 1. Antecedently necessary (Tillotson). 2. I troductory; previous; antecedent (Hale).

To PREPARE. v. a. (præparo, Lat.) 1. To fit for any thing; to adjust to any use; to make ready for any purpose (Blackmore). 2. To qualify for any purpose (Addison). 3. To mai ready beforeliand (Milton). 4. To form; to make (Psalms). 5. To make by regular process: as, he prepared a medicine.

To PREPARE. v. n. 1. To take previous measures (Peacham). 2. To make every thing ready; to put things in order (Shakspeare 3. To make one's self ready; to put himself in a state of expectation.

PREPARE. S. (from the verb.) Prepara tion: previous measures: not in use (Shas speare).

PREPAREDLY. ad. (from prepared.) Br proper precedent measures (Shakspeare). PREPAREDNESS. s. (from prepare.) State or act of being prepared.

PREPARER. s. (from prepare.) 1.One that prepares; one that previously fits (Wat ton). 2. That which fits for any thing (for timer).

PREPENSE. PREPE'NSED. a. (propen, Lat.) Fore-thought; preconceived; conrived beforehand: as, malice prepense. To PREPO'NDER. v. a. (from preponderate.) To outweigh: not used (Wotton), PREPONDERANCE. PREPO'NDERANey.. (from preponderate.) The state of outweighing; superiority of weight (Locke).

TO PREPONDERATE. v. a. (prepondero, Latin.) 1. To outweigh; to overpower by weight (Glanville). 2. To overpower by strong er influence.

To PREPONDERATE. V. n. 1. To exceed a weight (Bentley). 2. To exceed in influence For power analogous to weight (Locke).

■ PREPONDERATION, s. (from preponderale.) The act or state of outweighing any thing (Watts).

To PREPO'SE. v. a. (preposer, Fr.) To put before.

PREPOSITION. s. (preposition, Fr. præpositio, Lat.) In grammar, a particle govern ing a case. See GRAMMAR.

PREPOSITOR. s. (præpositor, Latin.) A scholar appointed by the master to overlook the

rest.

To PREPOSSESS. v. a. (pre and possess.) To fill with an opinion unexamined; to prejudice (Wiseman)

PREPOSSESSION. s. (from prepossess.) 1. Preoccupation; first possession (Hammond). 2. Prejudice; preconceived opinion. PREPOSTEROUS. a. (præposterus, Lat.) 1. Having that first which ought to be last (Woodward). 2. Wrong; absurd; perverted (Denham). 3. Applied to persons: foolish; absurd (Shakspeare).

PREPOSTEROUSLY. ad. In a wrong situation; absurdly (Bentley).

PREPOSTEROUSNESS. s. (from prePosterous) Absurdity; wrong order or me thod.

PRE POTENCY. s. (præpotentia, Latin.) Superiour power; predominance (Brown). PREPUCE. (præputium, Latin.) That which covers the glans; foreskin. See ANA

TOMY.

To PREREQUIRE. ». a. (pre and require.) To demand previously (Hammond). PREREQUISITE. a. (pre and requisite.) Previously necessary (Hale).

PREROGATIVE. s. (prerogatif, French.) An exclusive or peculiar privilege (Sidney). PREROGATIVE (Royal), in law, means all he rights and privileges which by law the king ath, as chief of the commonwealth, and as ntrusted with the execution of the laws; and his can be only according to magna charta. We hall here briefly set down those articles which re enumerated by lord chief baron Comyns, n his Digest, as belonging to the king's preogative, premising only, that many things are aid down in our law-books from ancient auorities, which do not thoroughly accord with e spirit of the constitution, as improved at e revolution; and that every thing which is ontrary to that glorious spirit may be well

questioned to be law at the present day. Those who were formerly called prerogative lawyers were little better than the willing slaves of absolute monarchy.

As to his domestic concerns, the care of the marriages in the royal family belongs to the king, and is now regulated by statute 12 George III. c. 11.

As to foreign nations, he has the sovereignty of the seas surrounding England, and may make treaties and alliances, and send ambassadors and envoys to foreign states, and a league is said to be broken by a prohibition of all the commo. dities of a kingdom in amity. He may, in virtue of the same right, grant reprisals, by taking the goods of foreign subjects, here or elsewhere, and he is entitled to all prizes; but, by certain acts called the prize-acts, they are distributed in certain shares amongst the captors, according to a proclamation to be made in every new war, and 51. a head is allowed to ships of war for every man killed. The king may also grant letters of safe conduct to au enemy here; and without these, it is said, a foreign prince, though in amity, cannot come

here.

With respect to the king's own subjects, he has the sole authority to declare war or peace, and to levy soldiers, and by 11 Henry VII. c. 1. and 18, every man is bound to serve the king in his wars, but not out of the realm, except for wages; nor can he be sent out of the kingdom even with an office. In like manner, the right of impressing seamen is acknowledged; but it must not be exercised wantonly, as by taking a captain of a merchantman to serve as a common man, and, by 13 George II. c. 17, persons of fifty-five years of age, and under eighteen, and every person going to sea for two years, and every apprentice during three years, are exempted; and also all foreigners; besides which there are other particular exemptions; nor are mariners, except deserters, to be impressed in the West Indies. He has also the sole command of the forces, as well militia as regulars, and that, by 13 Charles II. c. 6, independent of the houses of parliament. His troops may be billeted all over the kingdom; and no one but the king can build forts.

With respect to time of peace, he enacts laws, together with his parliament; but cannot by grant or charter alter the law. He may issue proclamatious to enforce laws; and by 1 Janies, c. 25, and 12 Charles II. 4, s. 12, may restrain the transportation of corn, and gunpowder, arms, and ammunition, generally, or from particular places. By statute 31 Henry VIII. since repealed, he might, in effect, make new laws by his proclamation. But now he cannot suspend the execution of a law for any time, as till the meeting of the next parliament. It is said, that the king may dispense with a thing prohibited, so as to make it lawful, in case of necessity, to the party to do the prohibited thing; but dispensations are odious, and, indeed, except under the following limitations, the king's dispensing power may now

be questioned. As, however, he may grant a pardon when the offence is committed, it seems not of so much importance. He may unquestionably dispense with any thing which is for his benefit, as a penalty due to the king; but not with a thing malum in se, nor in which the subject has an interest. He may grant a pardon of all offences, as well in the ecclesias tical as the criminal court; but cannot reverse a judgment without process.

With respect to things ecclesiastical, he has jurisdiction in all ecclesiastical causes, is head of the church, and may punish and repress heresies and superstitions, by statute 37 Henry VIII. c. 17. And ecclesiastical laws, which consist of ancient synods, and canons, and constitutions, and customs, formed with the assent of the king, without the parliament, are of legal authority in England, and, it is said, he may dispense with those laws. He may, with his commissioners, pass ecclesiastical censure, and shall have the ordering of all ecclesiastical appeals, without appeal to the pope. The highest appeal, by statute 25 Henry VIII. c. 19, is to the king, in chancery, who issues a commission to his delegates; but where the king is concerned, it is to the upper house of convocation; and although the appeal to the delegates is final, yet the king may grant a commission of review.

The king's prerogative, as to temporal jurisdiction, enables him to make what courts he pleases, for the administration of the common law, and where he pleases; but he cannot erect a court of chancery, or conscience, the common law being the birthright of the subject. The king may also grant such commissions as are warranted or allowed by the common or statute law, as of over and terminer, &c.; but, it is said, he cannot grant a commission of inquiry only, without a clause to hear and determine. He may grant franchises also, because all franchises and liberties are derived from him, as a county palatine, or jurisdiction temporal, or ccclesiastical.

As to nobility and honour, the king is the fountain of all dignity, and may, it is said, compel all persons of 201. per annum inheritance to be knights, or persons named to be serjeants to take the degree.

The king may also grant privileges, such as those of a forest, chase, warren, park, fair, market, with tolls, or casual profits, as wreck, waifs, strays, deodands, treasuretrove, royal fish, mines, derelict lands, most of which belong to the king, together with certain privileges in trade, for which see TRADE. So he may grant exemptions from those charges which, by his grant, he may impose, as to be quit of toll for merchandise, in every town in England, and to be exempt from offices under the crown, such as that of constable, provided there be a sufficient number to serve; but he cannot grant an exemption from the jurisdiction of any court, if he does not erect a jurisdiction of the same nature in lieu of it, for that would create a failure of justice; nor to be

exempt from punishment from felony or tre pass. He may also by proclamation or special writ, directed to the party, or to the sherif restrain any person from quitting the kingdon, and may, for reasons of state, lay an en bag upon a ship. So he may inhibit a public n sance. He may also recal, by summons, subject who goes out of the kingdom with e without licence, and if he returns not, upra service of summons, then his lands and goods are forfeited. But, it is said, merchants m abide beyond sea, and a king, in amity, need not deliver up those who fly to him.

The king inay, by his prerogative, command mayors and corporate officers to restrain annoy ances, and keep streets clean; but not in place which are no corporations; and cannot inhite a lawful occupation, such as making car under pretence of inconvenience, nor restra the exercise of foot-ball, cock-fighting, or other vain sports, except, perhaps, ou Sundays.

As to offices, the king has the nomination of al! public officers within the kingdom; bat he cannot create a new office with a fee, pr appoint an old office with a new fee, to burthen the public, without his parliament

As to trade, he may erect societies for the management of it; but cannot grant an en bargo on ships, for the benefit of a private trader or company.

As to matters of revenue, the king can alone coin money within his dominions, upon which the duties are now settled, as in statute 18 Charles II.; but the aid, for knighthood, m riage, &c. are taken away by statute 12 Charles II. c. 24.

With respect to purveyance, he may dig for saltpetre in the lands, stables, and other places of a subject; but not where he cannot leave the place in the same plight as before. He must leave room for the horses, &c. of the person, and not dig at improper times, nor return there for a long time, nor can he grant it to another, and the saltpetre must be used for the defence of the realm only, and the subject is at liberty still to dig in his own soil. But he cannot claim any other necessaries, such a timber, wood, fuel, cattle, grain, hay, victuals, carts, carriages, &c. without the consent of the owner, by statute 12 Charles II. c. 24.

The customs upon merchandise exported and imported are the ancient inheritance of the crown, which, it is said, were originally by act of parliament; they were distinguished into custuma magna, et parva, to which were added prisage, or a duty of two tons out of every ship laden with twenty tons of wine: and butlerage, or a levy of 2s. per ton, for every ton of wine of a merchant stranger. The citizens of London were exempt from this duty in the port of London. These duties, it seems, are now repealed by stature 97 George III. c. 13, called the consolidation act, which affixes a certain rate to the commodities therein enumerated, and 271. 105. per cent. with a drawback of 251. per cent. on exportation, upon every other commodity. We have, how

ever, read in the public prints during this year, (18.7) of the claim of prisage being made in In lan 1, by one of the grantees of the crown, and allowed; but we presume, so heavy a tax, if it can be claimed, in addition to the duty on wines, must be repealed by parliament. Custons are not paid where the king has granted goals of a pirate to a patentee, for the king shall not pay custom to himself; and it is said, the king my grant to an alien to pay no more customs than a subject; but this must be subject to the consolidation act.

The king may, by his prerogative, charge an imposition upon the subject for his benefit, as he may grant a certain rate for things sold in a town, for the walls of the town, or repairing the bridge, or the security of those parts. Or that a man may build a wall, or keep a ferry, and take toll for the support of it. But he cannot charge the subject where he has no benefit from it, or a quid pro quo, nor levy new customs, &c. Nor can the merchants, by their consent, grant to the king a tax upon their goods, for their wares would thereby be sold the dearer. Upon all which we must observe that it should appear this branch of the prerogative is fallen into disuse, and can scarcely now be claimed as being altogether inconsistent with the spirit of the revolution in 1688. And we now see that in all cases where a pier is to be built, or a turnpike-road made, or improvements are made in cities, application is had to parliament, and a bill is passed. This, it is true, inay be partly, because it is often necessary to borrow large sums of money, and to purchase lands by compulsion, &c.; but we suil may venture to question this prerogative, although we find it in books of great authority previously to the reigns of Charles the First and Second.

As to casual profits, the king is entitled to all goods which have no owner, as, wreck, flotsin, jetsan, and ligan, waifs, strays, goods of fions, deodands, treasure-troves, escheats, and lands forfeited. He is entitled also to royal mines, and the fishery of every navigable river, as high as the sea flows: but every one may sa in the sea of a common-right, although foreign nations cannot fish in the British Seas, without the king's licence. There are also certain fines, upon legal proceedings, which the king claims by his prerogative; and an ciently, a fine was paid for liberty to have right and justice, which is now abolished by magna Cuarta 29. nulli vendemus, &c. So fines for bean pleader, for grants of liberties, and for nusdemeanors, with all amerciaments which are levied by the sheriff and estreated into the exchequer.

All the lands in the kingdom, it is said, are holden mediately, or immediately, of the king, who has no superior; and this is the foundatin of the law of forfeiture and escheats: but this, however in practice it may be harmless, Es a principle rather derived from the divine right of kings, than the spirit of the revoluon, which considers the king rather as derive

ing every thing from the people, and holding the throne itself in trust.

Whatsoever lands, or tenements, the king has, belong to him in right of his crown, and are called the sacred patrimony, or demesnes of the crown, says lord Coke; and whether lands descend, or are devised, or given to him and his heirs by statute, or otherwise, they go as parcel of the crown. The king, therefore, it seems, cannot divest himself of his public character, but has all his real possessions, for it does not seem to extend to money, merely as king.

All conveyances to the king ought to be, by deed, enrolled; and where a subject would not have possession without entry, there the king has it not without office found, or other record. But if the king's title is so found upon an inquisition, he is in possession without seisure; and where a common person cannot enter without an action, there the king ought to have a scire facias. But no office is necessary where the king's title appears by other matter of record, and where he is so seised he can never be ejected, or disseised; but every one who enters upon his possessions is called an intruder; the remedy upon which is by an information of intrusion. The remedy against the king is by petition to the king in parlia-. ment, in chancery, or some other court, for there can be no writ, because the king cannot command himself as it is quaintly expressed. There is also another proceeding by monstrance de droit, which is, where the suitor's title appears by the same record as that of the king. Even upon an office found there may now be, by statute 34 Edward III. c. 14, à traverse, denial, or litigation of it.

The king, by his prerogative, may sue in what court he pleases, and shall not be prejudiced by any neglect to pursue his right, which is meant by the maxim nullum tempus, &c. or no time runs against the king. Though now, by statute 9 George III. c. 16, the king's suit, except for liberties and franchises, is limited, under certain conditions, to 60 years for lands.

As to the disposal of the personal revenue of the king, this can only be by the great, or privy seal; and every one who receives money out of the exchequer, without due warrant, is accountable for it. He may, it is said, dispose of his lands and other real revenues of inheritance, by patent, to others, when he pleases. And by statute 1 Anne 7, s. 5, all grants by the king of any manors, lands, &c. advowsons of churches and vicarages excepted, shall be void, except for 31 years or under, or for three lives, &c. subject to waste, and at the usual rent or more, or if no usual rent, then a rent at least one-third of the annual value. By the same act, the hereditary excise, revenue of the post-office, first fruits and tenths, fines for writs of covenant, and entry at the alienation office, post fines, wine licences, sheriffs profers, and compositions, and seisures for unaccustomed and prohibited goods, shall not be alienable for

longer than the life of the king who grants them.

It is to be observed that much of the king's prerogative, producing revenue, has been from time to time granted out with various manors, and the article of forfeitures, which might in some cases be somewhat profitable, is very little enforced. When a forfeiture is discovered, the officers of the crown generally allow a portion to the informer; sometimes onesixth. It has been proposed, by Mr. Bentham, to make forfeitures of land supply, in some measure, the place of taxes, and to restrain the power of bequest of land to certain degrees of kindred only. Blackstone and others, however, though they approve of the statute of Anne to prevent the improperly granting away crown lands, consider the great diminution of the landed demesnes of the crown well exchanged by the subject for the lighter burthen of taxes, since, had things remained as at the conquest, the king would, by forfeiture and otherwise, have possessed all the land in the kingdom. The observation is short-sighted enough, for no people would have tolerated it. William possessed all the lands by force, only to parcel them out like a robber among his troops; and had he not speedily parted with them, he and they must have found that he who grasps all loses all. See REVENUE.

PREROGATIVE COURT, the court wherein all wills are proved, and all administrations taken, which belong to the archbishop by his prerogative; that is, in cases where the deceased had goods of any considerable value out of the diocese where he died; and that value is ordinarly 51. except it be otherwise, by composition, between the archbishop and some other bishop, as in the diocese of London, it is 101.

PREROGATIVED. a. (from prerogative.) Having an exclusive privilege (Shakspeare).

PRESAGE. s. (presage, French; præsagium, Lat.) Prognostic; presension of futurity (Addison).

To PRESA'GE. v. n. (presager, French; præsagio, Latin.) 1. To forebode; to foreknow; to foretel; to prophesy (Milton). 2. To foretoken; to foreshow (Shakspeare). PRESA'GEMENT. s. (from presage.) 1. Forebodement; presension (Wotton). 2. Foretoken (Brown).

PRESBURG, the capital of the kingdom of Lower Hungary, called by the inhabitants Posony and Presporen, situated on the Danube, about 46 miles east from Vienna, and 75 from Buda. The castle, in which the regalia are kept, stands on a hill above the town. Here the states assemble; and in the cathedral, dedicated to St. Martin, the king is crowned. The town is not very large, nor well built; but is very ancient, pleasantly situated, and enjoys a good air. Its fortifications are only a double wall and ditch. In the lower suburbs is a hill, where the king, after his coronation, goes on horseback, and brandishes St. Stephen's

sword towards the four cardinal points, ins mating, that he will defend his country agains all its enemies. Besides the cathedral, are several other Popish and one Luther church, with a Jesuits college, three convent. and two hospitals. It gives name to a countr and is the residence of the archbishop of Gra who is primate, chief secretary, and chanceli of the kingdom, legatus natus of the Pap see, and prince of the holy Roman emp Lon. 17. 30 E. Lat. 48. 20 N.

PRESBYOPIA. (ie, from s old, and of, sight; because it is frequent with old men.) That defect of the sight by wh objects close are seen confusedly, but at re moter distances, distinctly. As the myopa common to infants, so the presbyopia is a lady common to the aged. The proximate cause is a tardy adunation into the focus, that it falls beyond the retina. The species are, 1. Presbyopia from a flatness of the come By so much the cornea is flatter, so much the less and more tardy it refranges the rays ist the focus. This evil arises, 1st, from a wa of aqueous or vitreous humour, which is con mon to the aged; or may arise from some dis ease; 2d, from a cicatrix, which diminishes the convexity of the cornea; 3d, from a nat ral conformation of the cornea. 2. Presbrea from too flat a crystalline lens. This evil most common to the aged, or it may happe from a wasting of the crystalline lens. 3. Pres byopia from too small density of the cornea humours of the eye. By so much more the humours are thin or rarised, so much the les they refrange the rays of light. Whosoever a myops from this cause is cured in older age. for age induces to a greater density of the cornea and lens. From this it is an observed fat. that the presbyopes are often cured spontane ously, and throw away their glasses, which younger persons in this disease are obliged to use. 4. Presbyopia from a custom of viewing continually remote objects; hence artifices who are occupied in remote objects are said contract this malady. The reason of this phe nomenon is not very clear. 5. Presbyopia se nilis. From a multitude of causes aged person are presbyopes; from a penury of humours, which render the cornea and lens flatter, an the bulb shorter. When in senile age, from dryness, the bulb of the eye becomes flatter and shorter, and the cornea flatter, those wi were short-sighted or myopes before, see now without their concave glasses. 6. Presbyop from too close a proximity of objects. The focus is shorter of distant, but longer of nearer objects. 7. Presbyopia from a coarctated pups. By so much smaller is the aperture of the dia phragm in an optic tube, so much remoter is the focus. 8. Presbyopia mercurialis, which arises from the use of mercurial preparations The patient feels a pressing pain in the eve which, from being touched is increased, and the bulb of the eye appears as if rigid, and wh difficulty can be moved. Near objects the patient can scarce distinguish, and distant cuy