CHAPTER VI.

DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION.

§ 1. Derivation.

(a) Derived Nouns.

114 (a) DERIVED SUBSTANTIVES.

(1) Substantives derived from Verbs.

(aa) In some cases the formative syllable is represented merely by the vowel a, the sibilant s, or the termination -us, appended to the root of the verb; thus we have scrib-a from scrib-o, in-col-a from in-col-o, ad-věn-a from ad-ven-i-o, per-fug-a from per-fug-i-o, &c.; also, dux from duc-o, rex from reg-o, pel-lex from pel-lic-io, ob-ses from ob-sid-o, &c.; and coqu-us from coqu-o, merg-us from merg-o; with a number of words like dol-us, riv-us, mod-us, which seem to involve the roots of verbs no longer extant in a simple form.

(bb) Nouns in -or, so far as they can be referred to simple verbs, denote the action of the verb, as fur-or, 'a raging,' from fur-o, am-or, 'habitual choice, selection or preference,' from emo, 'to select or take up;' the majority of these words, though with a verbal meaning, cannot be referred to any known simple verb, but have on the contrary contracted verbs derived from them; thus from am-or we have amo ama-o, 'to love,' from fav-or, which we refer conjecturally to a root fav-o (cf. fav-onius), we have fav-eo, to be favourable,' and from lab-or, which we refer to an original lab-o (cf. lab-or), we have the derivative verbs lab-o= lab-ao and labor-o- labor-ao.

(cc) Nouns in -us (gen. -ûs) formed like those, which appear as supines, express the action of the verb. Thus from latro we

have latra-tus, 'a barking;' from moveo we have mo-tus, 'a moving;' from audio we have audi-tus, 'a hearing;' from video we have vi-sus, 'a seeing;' from haurio we have haus-tus, a drawing;' from traho we have trac-tus, 'a dragging;' from orior we have or-tus, a rising;' from utor we have u-sus, 'a using.'

(dd) From the same source we have masculines in -or (-ōris), denoting the agent; thus from amo we have ama-tor, 'a lover;' from moneo we have moni-tor, an adviser;' from audio we have audi-tor, a hearer;' from scribo we have scrip-tor, a writer;' from curro we have cur-sor, 'a runner;' from peto we have peti-tor, 'a seeker;' from fodio we have fos-sor, a digger.' Many of these have corresponding feminines in -trix from nouns in -tor, as venator, vena-trix, vic-tor, vic-trix, or, more rarely in -strix from nouns in -sor, as ton-sor, ton-strix; but expul-sor makes expul-trix.

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Obs. 1 Some of these nouns in -tor appear to be derived from other nouns, as gladiator from gladius, viator from via, funditor from funda. But the affix seems to indicate that there may have been verbs from which they were formed like the others.

Obs. 2. Nouns in -ō, -ōnis coexist with verbs of the first conjugation, and seem to be derivatives; thus from cachinnare we have cachinno, 'a laugher;' from errare, erro, 'a wanderer;' from palpare, palpo, 'a flatterer.'

(ee) By a further extension, nouns in -tor (-sor) have derivatives in -tura, -sura, indicating the particular employment of the agent designated by the form in -or; thus we have prae-tor, prae-tura, merca-tor, merca-tura, pic-tor, pic-tura. It will be observed that, as the noun of action in -us corresponds to the supine, those in -ura correspond to the fut. participle in -rus.

(ff) We have also nouns of action in -io formed on the basis of the supine, as tracta-tio from tracto, cau-tio from caveo, largitio from largior, divi-sio from divido.

(gg) From the root of the verb are formed nouns in -ium expressing the action, as imper-ium from impero, gaud-ium from gaudeo, colloqu-ium from colloquor.

(hh) In the same way are formed nouns in -ies, as conger-ies from con-ger-o, ef-fig-ies from ef-fi-n-go, &c.; but these rather express the result of the action, than the action itself.

(ii) We have also some few in -ela or -ella, either formed directly from the verb, as med-ēla, quer-ēla, from medeor, queror; or from the basis of the supine, as corrupt-ēla.

(kk) A few verbal derivatives are found in -igo (-iginis), as origo from orior, or in -īdo (-idinis), as cupido from cupio.

(11) A sort of instrumental agency is expressed by a limited number of verbal derivatives in -mus and -ma, as re-mus (root ret or rot), a turning round' (in the water), i. e. 'a rowing thing,' 'an oar;' ani-mus, a blowing thing;' al-mus, 'that which nourishes' (from alo); ar-mus, 'that which joins,'-' the shoulder;'fa-ma, 'that which speaks' (fări); flam-ma, ‘that which burns' (flag-rare); tra-ma, ‘a drawing, or that which draws' (trah-o), i.e. 'a web,' &c.

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(mm) By an extension of these last forms we have a certain number of derivatives in -mnus, which seem to pass from the instrumental agency to its result, or to stand to the others in the relation of passive to active; thus by the side of al-mus, 'that which nourishes,' we have alu-mnus, he who is nurtured,' a fosterchild,' 'a pupil;' similarly, vertu-mnus, 'that which is turned' (verto), i. e. the year in spring,' cf. auctu-mnus; colu-mna, 'that which is raised up' (cello) by the side of cul-mus, that which raises,' i. e. 'the stalk;' da-mnum, 'that which is given' (do), i. e. 'a penalty, a loss,' &c.

(nn) The derivatives in -mnus, -a, -um, appear also in the neuter form -men, originally -men-t (above, 25, (B)), as car-men = quod creatur (Gr. πoín-μa); cri-men-quod cernitur; legu-men=quod legitur; se-men quod seritur; su-men quod sugitur; volu-men = quod volvitur.

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(00) Of these last we have a fuller form in -mentum, to denote the thing which carries out the action of the verb; thus we find ali-mentum, 'that which nourishes' (alo); argu-mentum, ' that which tests' (arguo); ar-mentum, 'that which ploughs' (aro); atramentum, 'that which makes a black mark' (atro?), i.e. ‘ink;' condi-mentum, 'that which seasons' (condio); docu-mentum, 'that which shows' (doceo); fo-mentum, 'that which warms' (foveo); lenimentum, 'that which alleviates' (lenio); monu-mentum,' that which reminds' (moneo); nutri-mentum, 'that which nurtures' (nutrio); orna-mentum, 'that which adorns' (orno); pig-mentum, 'that which

D. L. G.

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paints' (pi-n-go); testa-mentum,' that which testifies' (testor); vestimentum, 'that which clothes' (vestio), &c.

(pp) Nouns in -bulum, and in -culum or -clum, denote either the implement or the place necessary for the completion of the verb's action; as in-fundi-bulum, an implement for pouring in liquid' (in-fundo), ‘a funnel;' sta-bulum, 'a place for standing' (sto), ‘a stall;' oper-culum, 'a thing for covering' (operio), 'a lid;' (coenaculum, a place for dining' (coeno). If the verb has an 7 within a syllable or two of the affix, we have -brum for -bulum, and -crum for -culum or -clum; thus we have fla-brum from flo; sepul-crum from sepelio. Sometimes these derivatives end in -bula, -bra, as fă-bula from fari, dola-bra from dolare. If the verb ends in c or g, the termination is -ulum only, as in jac-ulum from jacio, vinc-ulum from vincio, cing-ulum from cingo. In some few instances we have a termination -lum only, as in cae-lum, 'the hollowed vault of heaven' (from an obsolete verb ca-ho), tem-p-lum, 'the divided heaven' (from tem-no, in its old sense, ‘to cut').

(99) There are a few verbal nouns in -tis and -tus which cannot be referred to the form of the supine, but have the same meaning as those mentioned above (cc), as pes-tis, 'a destroying,' ves-tis, a clothing,' spiri-tus, a breathing.'

(rr) A very few with the same meaning end in -sa, as noxa, 'hurt,' from noc-eo, cau-sa, an excuse,' from cav-eo. Most verbal nouns in -sa are really feminines of the passive participle; such are fossa, sponsa, tonsa.

(2) Substantives derived from other Substantives.

(aa) Nouns in -ium, denoting a condition or employment, are formed from substantives of various kinds denoting personal agency; thus from collega, 'a colleague,' we have colleg-ium, 'an association of colleagues;' from conviva, a guest,' conviv-ium, 'a meeting of guests;' from sacerdos (-tis), a priest,' sacerdot-ium, ' a priesthood.' We have mater-ia or mater-ies from mater.

(bb) Nouns in -tor, -ter have occasionally derivative forms in -trum, -tērium, -tōrium, denoting the instrument, the office, or place appropriate to the agency; thus we have ara-tor, 'a ploughman,' ara-trum, 'a plough;' minister, 'a subordinate agent,' minis-terium, 'a subordinate office;' audi-tor, 'a hearer,' audi-torium, a place for

hearing.' Hardly any of the nouns in -trum can be immediately referred to nouns in -tor; some have corresponding verbs; but others are of uncertain origin. Of those in s-trum several owe the s to d or r in the verb to which they belong, as claus-trum (claud-o), haus-trum (haur-io), plaus-trum (plaud-o), ras-trum (rad-o), rostrum (rod-o); but we have not this means of accounting for fenestra, 'a window,' mons-trum, 'a prodigy.' In cas-trum we have probably the same element as in cas-a, a house,' cas-tus, 'religiously protected,' and in the Greek Káσ-Twp, 'a mailed warrior.' Antrum is the Greek ἄντρον.

(cc) The termination -monium is found only in the words. merci-monium from merx, testi-monium from testis, vadi-monium from vas (vădis), in which it bears the same meaning as the termination in -ium (aa); and in matri-monium, 'marriage,' patrimonium, 'inheritance,' in which the meaning is exceptional.

(dd) The termination -atus indicates the office or functions of the person indicated by the noun, which is thus extended; as consul-atus from consul, tribun-atus from tribunus, triumvir-atus from triumvir.

(ee) Nouns in -arius denote an employment, as statu-arius from statua, tabern-arius from taberna, vexill-arius from vexillum, &c.; those in -arium signify a place or receptacle, as aer-arium, 'a place for money,' avi-arium, 'a place for birds;' or a thing, as calend-arium, 'an almanack,' sud-arium, a napkin.'

(ff) Nouns in -ina or -inum denote the place or employment of the person indicated by the primary noun; thus from tonsor we have tonstr-ina, 'a barber's shop,' from medicus we have medic-ina, 'the art of healing,' from pistor we have pistr-ina or pistr-inum, 'the grinding-house.' These words seem to be only the feminines of adjectives in -inus (below, 115, (2), (Š)), and in reg-ina, 'a queen,' we have merely an indication of a female person; compare the names of goddesses, Luc-ina, Libit-ina, &c. In other cases the noun in -ina seems to refer immediately to a verb, though we have perhaps lost the intervening substantives: thus we have rapina, ru-ina, by the side of rapio and ruo.

(gg) Nouns in -al, -ar (properly the neuters of adjectives in -alis, -aris, below, 115, (2), (8)) denote a derivative object, as