IX. THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN RELATIVE CLAUSES.

(Exercises, p. 91.)

I.

Words were invented, not to perplex, but to express the meaning. Being bound by the laws of no one school, which we (must) of necessity obey1 in philosophy, we shall always seek what is most likely in every matter. What reason is there to be doubtful, either about this matter or about the power of accomplishing it? Since they are not allowed to speak freely, they silently entreat you to think them worthy to be intrusted to the care of a man like this.2 He ought not to obtain3 that which he requests. While Roscius is an artist of such a kind that he alone seems to be worthy to be seen on the stage, he 4 is a man of such a kind that he alone seems worthy not to go on the stage. Since Cneius Pompey is the only man who5 has surpassed in merit not only the glory of those men who now are, but even the memory of antiquity, what is there to make the mind of any one doubtful in this case?

So that we necessarily obey them.-2 Whose safety you should intrust to such a man.-3 He is not suited to obtain.-4 For the full force of quum-tum, see Gram., § 355, note 2.-5 Such as has.

II.

Nulli torrentes in Cydnum incurrunt, qui placide manantis alveum turbent. Clodius Ciceronem delegerat, in quem inveheretur. Aristoteles rerum cognitionem cum orationis exercitatione conjunxit. Neque hoc fugit sapientissimum regem Philippum, qui hunc Alexandro filio doctorem accierit, a quo eodem ille et agendi acciperet praecepta et eloquendi. Vos unum Pompeium ex omnibus delegistis, quem bello praedonum praeponeretis. Iine, qui postulabant, indigni erant, qui impetrarent? Rustici, quum fidem alicujus bonitatemque laudant, dignum esse dicunt, quicum in tenebris mices. Etiamsi quem imperatorem habetis, qui exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus, qui ad bellum Asiaticum mittatur.

III.

The nature of the war is such as ought most of all to excite and inflame your minds with the desire1 of prosecuting it. A good man will not dare, not merely to do, but even to think

1 To the desire.

Innocence is
There never

anything which he does not dare to proclaim. such an affection of the mind as injures no one. was any woman of so weak a mind as not some time or other to make an end of mourning for the loss of her children.3 We are not men to whom2 nothing appears to be true, but who say that some errors are mixed with all truths. There is no kind of things such that it can exist by itself, being torn away from others, or such that if other things are deprived of it, they can still preserve their force and perpetuity. The countenance is the only part of the body which can produce as many expressions and alterations as there are emotions of the mind. In the great number of citizens, there is a great multitude of those who,2 either on account of the fear of punishment, being conscious of their offences, seek new commotions and revolutions in the state, or who, on account of a kind of madness innate in their minds, feed on the dissensions of the citizens and on sedition; or who, on account of the embarrassment of their fortune, choose rather to fall in the general ruin than alone. The investigation of matters, both very important and very obscure, is itself delightful; but if we arrive at anything that seems probable, the mind is filled with a most refined pleasure. We who follow probabilities, and cannot advance beyond that which we find likely, are prepared to refute (others) without pertinacity, and to be refuted without anger. There is nothing in the mind mixed and gross, or such as seems to be sprung from, and composed of the earth; nothing, even, of the nature of moisture, or air, or fire. There is nothing as incredible as not to become probable by eloquence; nothing so rude and unpolished as not to derive lustre from oratory, and be, as it were, adorned.

2 Such. Her children being lost.-4 To burn in the general conflagration, than in his own.

IV.

Nulla res tanta est ac tam difficilis, quam hic conficere non possit. Non ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque amantissimi moerore non movear. His in naturis nihil inest, quod vim memoriae, mentis, cogitationis habeat, quod et praeterita teneat et futura provideat et complecti possit praesentia. Hanc perfectam philosophiam semper judicavi, quae de maximis quaestionibus copiose posset ornateque dicere. Nihil tam absurde dici potest, quod non dicatur ab aliquo philosophorum. Nemo est tam aversus a musis, qui non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium patiatur. Quam multa joca solent esse in epistolis, quae, prolata si sint, inepta esse videantur? Nullus dolor est, quem non longinquitas

temporis minuat atque molliat. Non est vobis cum eo hoste certamen, quicum aliqua pacis conditio esse possit. Nihil mihi tam deest quam homo is, quicum omnia, quae me cura aliqua afficiunt, una communicem, qui me amet, quicum colloquar, nihil fingam, nihil dissimulem, nihil obtegam. In corpore si quid ejus modi est, quod reliquo corpori noceat, uri ac secari patimur, ut membrorum aliquod potius, quam totum corpus, intereat. Omnibus, qui patriam conservarint, adjuverint, auxerint, certus est in coelo et definitus locus, ubi aevo sempiterno fruantur.

V.

Is it possible to praise philosophy enough, since he who submits 2 to it is able to pass the whole time of life without trouble? The Eneti submitted to Alexander, and, having given hostages, obtained permission not to pay tribute, which they had not paid even to the Persians. Do you think that any state has been subdued, which is 5 rich, or that any state is rich, which appears to those generals to have been subdued? What enthusiasm in study do you think Archimedes was possessed of, who, while he was drawing certain figures on the dust with particular attention, did not even perceive that his country was taken? What is there, Catiline, that can still attract you in this city, in which there is no one, out of that conspiracy of abandoned men, who does not fear, no one who does not hate you? To me at least, a man loaded with military renown, Cneius Pompey, ascribed thus much in the hearing of many, that he said he should in vain have gained a third triumph, unless, through the services which I had conferred on the state, he had had where to triumph. Ignorant men are able more easily to censure what you may say foolishly, than to approve a wise silence.7 Marcus Cato was possessed of an insatiable desire of reading, for he was wont often to read in the very senate-house, till the senate should assemble. How few of the philosophers are (to be) found, with such a character, with such a disposition of mind and life, as reason requires, who consider their system not as a display of knowledge, but as the rule of life, and who obey themselves and submit to their own laws?

1 Will philosophy be able to be sufficiently praised.-2 For the subj., see Gram., § 361.-3 Obtained that they should not be compelled to pay.-4 Gram., § 360, 7. -5 Gram., § 360, 5.—6 Gram., § 360, 6.-7 What you may wisely pass over in silence. Nor could he be satisfied.

VI.

Fuerunt philosophi, qui omnino nullam habere censerent humanarum rerum procurationem deos. Sunt philosophi, et hi

quidem magni atque nobiles, qui deorum mente atque ratione omnem mundum administrari et regi censeant. Ne dubitetis omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestri, salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae plurimorum civium, cum republica defendantur. Quem possumus imperatorem aliquo in numero putare, cujus in exercitu veneant centuriatus atque venierint? Hac in re mihi ridicule es visus esse inconstans, qui eundem et laederes et laudares, et virum optimum et hominem improbissimum esse diceres. Nemo est gentis ullius, qui, ducem naturam nactus, ad virtutem pervenire non possit. Reperiebantur nonnulli, qui nihil laudarent, nisi quod se posse imitari confiderent.

VII.

I was not so timid as to be alarmed at your frown,1 when I had steered the vessel of the state amid the most violent hurricanes and storms, and brought it safe into port. Who is there of all men-at least, that has any converse with the Muses, that is, with refinement and cultivation-that would not rather be the mathematician Archimedes, than the tyrant Dionysius? -Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 23. There is no good man, no citizen— none at least that remembers that he is a citizen-whose eyes do not shun you, whose ears do not loathe you, whose soul does not scorn you. Who ever- -that had but a little acquaintance with the usages of good men-who ever, when some cause of offence had arisen, brought forward and (openly) read aloud a letter which had been sent him by a friend?-Cic. in Ant. ii. 4. Sulpicius was most of all—at least of all that I have heard—a dignified and, so to speak, tragic orator.-Cic. de Clar. Orat.

55.

I have not neglected to send letters for you by any one 2at least, by any one who, I thought, would reach you. Νο subject does not belong to the orator-no subject, at least, which ought to be treated in an ornate and dignified manner.

I The little cloud of your brow.-2 I have passed by no one, to whom I have not given letters.

VIII.

Nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea, quae imminent, non videant, aut ea, quae vident, dissimulent. O magnam vim veritatis, quae se facile per se defendat ! Nihil est quod Deus efficere non possit, et quidem sine labore ullo. Ultra, quo progrediar, quam ut veri similia videam, non habeo. Omnes vincere volebamus; tu certe praecipue, qui in eum locum venisses, ut tibi pereundum esset, nisi vicisses. Nihil est Deo, quod quidem in terris fiat, acceptius, quam concilia coetusque

hominum jure sociati, quae civitates appellantur.-Cic. de Republ. vi. 13. Meum semper judicium fuit, omnia nostros aut invenisse per se sapientius, quam Graecos, aut accepta ab illis fecisse meliora, quae quidem digna statuissent, in quibus elaborarent.-Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 1. Per hosce annos quicunque navigaret, magno in periculo propter praedones erat.

X. THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN CLAUSES FORMING INTEGRAL PARTS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES.

(Exercises, p. 96.)

I.

We have learned that the fallen fortunes of kings easily attract many2 to compassion, and those2 chiefly who either are kings or live in a kingdom; because the name of king appears to them to be great and sacred. Democritus thinks that atoms, as he calls them—that is, indivisible bodies-are so driven about in the infinite void, on account of their solidity, that by their concourse they cohere;3 from which all those things arise, which are and which are seen. It may easily be understood that the soul sees and hears, not those parts which are, as it were, the windows of the soul; by which, however, the mind can perceive nothing, unless it attends and is present. They say that Arcesilas first commenced, not to shew what he himself thought, but to discourse against the opinions which others expressed. We think that the arts ought to be adopted for their own sake, because there is in them something worthy of adoption. It must be understood, that in the matters themselves which are learned and studied, there are attractions by which we are moved to learn and study. Let this be established that we ought neither to praise the unskilfulness (in speech) of him who is acquainted with the subject, but cannot set it forth in words, nor the ignorance of him who is not possessed of the matter, but not wanting in words. Menedemus thought this the main point in an orator that he should appear to those also before whom he was speaking, such as he himself wished that he should appear. They say that it was Gorgias of Leontini who appeared to undertake and profess (to do) a very great matter, when he declared that he was ready to discourse on every subject on which any one wished to hear (him speak). It is very foolish to suppose that all

1 That this is wont thus to happen, that, &c.-2 The resources of many-of those.-3 Inter se cohaerescere, to cohere among themselves, together.-4 Against that, which every one had said that he thought.