desirable. All we who are good citizens,3 always favour the nobility, both because it is advantageous for the state that there should be noble men, worthy of their ancestors, and because the memory of illustrious men, who have deserved well of the state, has weight with us, even when they are dead. With what grief do you think he is oppressed, because he did not carry forth (with him), as he wished, a sword stained with blood; because he departed without having accomplished our destruction;6 because we wrested the weapon from his hands; because he left behind him the citizens uninjured and the city standing? He said that he would not reply with much hesitation, but would say those things which he had in readiness, because he had thought much and long concerning that very subject. Common soldiers are unwilling to confess 7 that they have been saved by any one, and to give the civic crown;8 not because it is disgraceful to be defended in a battle, and rescued from the hands of the enemy 9 (for that cannot happen except to a brave man, fighting hand to hand), but (because) they shrink from the load of gratitude.10-Cic. pro Planc. 30. Grief is insensibly and gradually lessened in the course of time,11 not because the matter itself is wont to be, or can be, altered, but (because) custom teaches what reason ought to have taught, that those things are of less importance which appeared of greater.-Cic. Tusc. Disp. iii. 22.

3 All (we) good.-4 And who.-5 The memory of illustrious men, even (when) dead. We being alive.-7 Do this unwillingly, that they confess.-8 The corona civica was conferred on one who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.-9 Defended in battle, to be rescued.-10 Of the good deed, favour.11 Advancing, as it advances.

II.

Est

Lentulum et quia tuus et quia te dignus est filius et quia nos diligit semperque dilexit, amamus carumque habemus. plane oratoris, movere risum, quod ipsa hilaritas benivolentiam conciliat ei, per quem excitata est. Facile omnes patimur, esse quam plurimos accusatores, quod innocens, si accusatus sit, absolvi potest, nocens, nisi accusatus fuerit, condemnari non potest. In hoc tuum consilium nemo potest non maxime laudare, quod cum spe vincendi simul abjecisti certandi etiam cupiditatem. Pompeius, ab inimicis Caesaris incitatus et quod neminem dignitate secum exaequari volebat, totum se ab ejus amicitia averterat. Constituam, quid et quale sit id, de quo quaerimus, non quo ignorare vos arbitrer, sed ut ratione et via procedat oratio. Dicaearchus et Aristoxenus, quia difficilis erat animi, quid aut qualis esset, intelligentia, nullum omnino animum esse dixerunt. Laelius non eo dictus est sapiens, quod non intelligeret, quid suavissimum esset, sed quia id parvi

duceret.-Cic. de Fin. ii. 8. Cato ea, quae sensit, prae se tulit, non quod periculum suum non viderit, sed nihil sibi nisi de patriae periculis cogitandum putabat. Demetrius Phalereus Periclem vituperat, quod tam grandem pecuniam in Propylaea conjecerit. Homines queruntur, quod vita humana brevis sit.

VI. THE CONSTRUCTION WITH QUUM.

(Exercises, p. 87.)

I.

In other matters, when misfortune (actually) comes, then loss is sustained; but in the case of revenues not merely the arrival of evil, but even the fear of it, brings misfortune. We know that, when many sustained great losses in Asia, credit sunk at Rome. When what can scarcely be expressed by the proper word, is expressed by a metaphorical term, the similitude of that which we have given metaphorically,2 illustrates what we wish to be understood. This metaphorical use of words is, as it were, a borrowing, when you take from some other source what you have not (of your own). You are more wretched, when you are carried by your eyes into all dishonesty, than if you had not eyes at all. When God has given you a soul, than which nothing is more excellent and divine, will you so debase and demean yourself as to think that there is no difference between you and a four-footed beast? Anger appears (in general) to belong to a fickle and weak mind in this private and everyday life; but (in particular) nothing is so unsightly as to join harshness of nature to the supreme power. You seem to have conquered the victory itself, when you have remitted to the conquered those things which it had obtained. There was a time when men wandered about in the fields, after the manner of the lower animals, and subsisted 3 on the food of wild beasts.-Cic. de Inv. i. 2. When Aquillius was asked what a wicked artifice was, he replied: when one thing was pretended and another done. When these tidings were brought, Lucius Manlius, the praetor, leads the army to Mutina. When the enemy could not sustain the attacks of our men, they retreated to the mountain. In this whole battle, although the fighting continued 4 from the seventh hour till the evening, no one could see an enemy with his back turned. When the ambassadors. of the Helvetii met Caesar on his

1 Primitive, literal.-2 Which we have set down by a metaphorical word. Alienus, what belongs to something else.-3 Continued life for themselves.4 It was fought.

march, and threw themselves at his feet, and, speaking suppliantly, begged for peace with tears, and when he ordered them to await his arrival in that place where they then were, they obeyed.

5 Weeping.-6 Them; referring, of course, to the whole body of the Helvetii.

II.

Quum ter praetor primus renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, quid de me judicaretis. Quum sumus necessariis negotiis curisque vacui, tum avemus aliquid videre, audire, addiscere. Quum hostium copiae non longe absunt, pecora relinquuntur, agricultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio conquiescit. Quamdiu Marsyas amnis intra muros Celaenarum fluit, nomen suum retinet; at quum extra munimenta se evolvit, Lycum appellant. Neque nos corpora sumus neque ego, tibi dicens hoc, corpori tuo dico. Quum, igitur, nosce te dicit, hoc dicit, nosce animum tuum. Agitur populi Romani gloria, quae vobis a majoribus, quum magna in rebus omnibus, tum summa in re militari tradita est. De Simonide quum quaesivisset tyrannus Hiero, quid aut quale esset deus, deliberandi causa sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum dierum admiransque Hiero quaereret, cur ita faceret, quia quanto, inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur obscurior. Lucius Piso tanta virtute atque integritate fuit, ut etiam illis optimis temporibus, quum hominem invenire nequam neminem posses, solus tamen frugi nominaretur. Divitias quum quivis, quamvis indignus, habere possit, in bonis non numero. Quomodo distingui possunt vera somnia a falsis, quum eadem et aliis aliter evadant, et iisdem non semper eodem modo? Quum hominis natura morte dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum est quo quaeque discedat. Abeunt enim illuc omnia, unde orta sunt; animus autem solus, nec quum adest nec quum discedit, apparet.

VII. THE CONSTRUCTION WITH DUM, DONEC, QUOAD, ANTEQUAM, AND PRIUSQUAM.

(Exercises, p. 88.)

My courage will not fail, and what I have undertaken, I shall carry out, so far as I shall be able. You have a consul who does not hesitate to obey your decrees, and who can

1 I shall not fail in courage.

maintain and by his own force carry into effect those things which you resolve on, as long as he lives. Clodius was unwilling to leave the spot till Milo should come. Catiline alone of all these was to be feared, but (only) so long as he remained within the walls of the city. Sometimes by delay and slowness, while the citizens wish to retain peace even without dignity, they lose both. It was rather a blockade than a storming during some days, till the wound of the general should be healed.3-Livy, xxi. Caesar resolved that he ought not to wait till, all the property of the allies being wasted, the Helvetii should come into (the territory of) the Santones. In all matters, before you begin, a diligent preparation ought to be made. O our idle endeavours, which often break down and fall to the ground in the mid space, and are sunk in the voyage (itself) before they have been able to catch sight of the port! Vercingetorix forms the design of sending away from him all the cavalry by night, before the fortifications should be finished by the Romans. It is the part of a wise man to wonder at nothing, when it has happened, to think nothing impossible,4 before it has happened.5

2 While he was contained.-3 Intention is implied. That nothing cannot happen.-5 Shall have happened.

II.

Orandi sunt irati, si se ulcisci possunt, ut exspectent, dum ira defervescat. Fabius misit equites, qui totum exercitum retinerent, dum ipse perveniret. Fabius, quoad potuit, Flaminio restitit. Donec hostes abibant, sequebantur pedites. Caesar non exspectandum putavit, dum hostium copiae augerentur atque equitatus rediret. Medico diligenti, priusquam medicinam aegroto adhibere conetur, natura morbi est cognoscenda. Priusquam legati Delphis redierunt, novi tribuni militum magistratum inierant. Milites Caesaris hostes persequi non desierunt, priusquam urbis portis appropinquarent. Ante abire nolui, quam tu venires.

VIII. THE CONSTRUCTION WITH QUAMVIS, QUASI, ETC.

(Exercises, p. 89.)

I.

Men, although they are in troubled circumstances, yet, if they are men at all, sometimes relax. Although we consecrate temples to Mind, and Virtue, and Fidelity, yet we see that

1 Are relaxed in mind.

Those previous

these things are placed within ourselves. matters, although they ought not to have been borne, I yet endured, as I was able. If Catiline had remained in the city to this day, although, as long as he was in the city, I met and resisted all his plans, yet, to say the least,2 we should have had to do battle with him. Although nature has appointed death 3 for all, virtue is wont to ward off a cruel and disgraceful death.a These things the victorious enemy commands; these terms, although they are severe and harsh, your fortune advises you to accept. If you wish to render even more agreeable to mealthough they are most agreeable-those services and marks of attachment which you have conferred on me, grant me this. Children, at birth, lie as if they were altogether without mind. The mind becomes accustomed (to things) from their daily presence to the eye,8 and does not wonder at or seek to account for those things which it always sees; just as if the novelty, rather than the (inherent) greatness of things, ought to stimulate us to search out their causes. Hannibal, from the day on which he was appointed general, as if Italy had been decreed to him as his province, and (the conduct of) the war against Rome committed to him, resolved to invade the Saguntines.

2 To speak (that I may speak) most lightly.-3 Quidem renders mortem emphatic. Death, indeed, but not a cruel death.-4 Cruelty of death and disgrace.-5 Advises to you.-6 Give and bestow on me.-7 Minds.-8 By daily frequency and usage of the eyes.

II.

Quamquam animus mihi nunquam defuit, tempora deseruerunt. Animus hominis dives, non arca, appellari solet. Quamvis illa sit plena, dum te inanem videbo, divitem non putabo. Ambitio licet vitium sit, saepe est causa virtutum. Quod turpe est, quamvis celari possit, nullo modo honestum fieri potest. Quamquam ipsa consolatio litterarum tuarum mihi gratissima fuit, tamen illum fructum ex iis litteris vel maximum cepi, quod te contra fortunam paratum ornatumque cognovi. Non possis, quantumvis excellas, omnes tuos ad honores amplissimos perducere. Quoniam nemo, quamvis sit dives et honoratus, altero carere potest, ne quem superbe repudiet neve hominis opem, quamvis pauperis, recuset. Quamquam immoderatis epulis carere potest senectus, modicis tamen conviviis delectari potest. Nonnulli, qui se initio belli civilis Caesari obtulerant, si auxilio suo uti vellet, ab eo in integrum restituti sunt, perinde ac si eorum opera usus esset. Pisistratus, velut si Megarenses sibi, non patriae, vicisset, tyrannidem occupavit et triginta tres annos regnavit. Quasi mali tantummodo in urbe et non per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit audacia, ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt.