tum vero cerneres, quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Velim (ut) definias, quae sit voluptas. In his regionibus multos senes videre licet: alio te seculo natum putes. Romani moesti in castra redierunt: victos putares. Utrumque est vitium: omnibus credere, et nulli. Alterum autem honestius, alterum tutius dixerim. Quis stupidum et tardum ad domum privatam, nedum ad civitatem administrandam, idoneum duxerit?

III.

Would, Pompey, that you had never entered into an alliance with Caesar, or never broken it off! I begin to hope that your arrival is drawing near; would that it may be a consolation to me! Farewell, says Milo, farewell, my fellow-citizens! May this illustrious city, my most dear native place, still stand secure, whatever it may have deserved at my hands !1 May my countrymen enjoy a peaceful state without me (since I may not enjoy it along with them), but still by means of me! Would that the state had continued in its pristine condition,2 and had not fallen into the hands of men desirous, not so much of changing, as of subverting, existing institutions!3 Would that I could restore the nations by my father's skill! I speak of those who have fallen. Grant that they have been ambitious, violent, obstinate; but let Pompey, let many others, be clear of the charge of crime, of madness, of parricide! Supposing that the other advantages were wanting, how great a matter is it to be the brother of Jupiter! Nothing is more pleasant to man than wisdom, which old age brings, granting that it takes away the other advantages.

I May this city, illustrious and the most dear native place to me, stand, in whatever way it shall have deserved of me.-2 In the condition, in which it began.-3 Things - Parricidium is not only the murder of parents and near relatives, but is frequently applied to crime against one's native country.

IV.

Sibi habeant regna reges, divites divitias! Dii tibi haec gaudia, hanc famam conservent ! Utinam civibus omnibus solvere nobis justa praemia liceret! Etiam in rebus secundis superbiam et arrogantiam vitemus. Si mihi haec conditio consulatus data est, ut omnes acerbitates omnesque dolores perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, sed etiam libenter, dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. Fuerit in errore, non perseveravit tamen in errore. Ut auxilio egeas, injusto non eges auxilio. Ut civitati profueris, omnes idem facere parati eramus. Ne sit summum malum,

malum certe est.

III. THE SUBJUNCTIVE WITH THE CONJUNCTIONS UT, NE, ETC.

(Exercises, p. 76.)

I.

I consider that many things have been composed by the poets, in order that we might see our own characters and everyday life represented in the persons of others.1 Our ancestors (had thus) ordained, that if an offence had been 2 committed by many in military service,3 a certain number should be punished, in order that, it is clear, fear might come upon all, punishment on a few. He had ordered the lightarmed Thracians to go on before, and examine the mountainpaths, lest the hidden enemy should rush out upon them as they came up. The (various) kinds of virtues and vices must be carefully distinguished, that we may not be deceived by those vices which seem to put on the appearance of virtue. We send men of such a kind into the provinces with the command, that their arrivals in the cities of the allies do not differ much from a hostile invasion.5 We have not been so created by nature that we seem formed for sport and jest, but rather for gravity and more serious and important studies. Should I persist in drinking (the medicine)? that, if poison has been administered, whatever happens may seem to have happened to me not even undeservedly. In the speech of Scaurus, a wise and upright man, there was the greatest seriousness, a kind of natural authority, so that, when he was speaking in behalf of the accused, you would have thought he was not pleading a cause, but giving evidence.7 True and feigned love are not easily distinguished, unless some time of such a kind occurs, that, as gold is tried by fire, so sincere good-will be seen by some trial. So great is the force, so great the wisdom of this precept, that it was ascribed, not to any man, but to the Delphic god.

That we might see our own characters represented in the persons of others, and the image of our everyday life delineated.-2 For the subj., see Gram., § 361. An offence of military service.-4 Animadvertitur in me, I am punished.5 Taking by storm.-6 Supply eum as the accusative before the infinitive dicere. -7 Dicere causam, to plead a cause; dicere testimonium, to give evidence.-8 As if gold by fire.

II.

Nec ut emat melius nec ut vendat, quidquam simulabit aut dissimulabit vir bonus. Legum ministri magistratus; legum interpretes judices; legum idcirco omnes servi sumus, ut liberi esse possimus. Leges datae sunt, ut cives quiete beateque vivant. Taceo, ne dolorem augeam tuum. Adhuc ita vestri

cum illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non victoriam reportarent. Alii philosophi tanta sunt levitate et jactatione, iis ut fuerit non didicisse melius; alii pecuniae cupidi, gloriae nonnulli; multi libidinum servi, ut cum eorum vita mirabiliter pugnet oratio, quod quidem mihi videtur esse turpissimum. Magna est vis conscientiae in utramque partem, ut neque timeant, qui nihil commiserint1 et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent, qui peccarint.1 Pompeius erat tanta temperantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ii beatissimi esse viderentur, apud quos diutissime commorabatur.

1 For the subjunctive, see Gram., § 361.

III.

Publius Sulpicius had1 such weight, such brevity, such agreeableness in (public) speaking, that he could by his eloquence cause either the wise to err, or the good to be less well disposed. This is even of the greatest importance, to see the mind with the mind itself. And in truth this is the force of the precept of Apollo, in which he admonishes every one to know himself. For he does not, I should think, bid us become acquainted with our limbs, or with our stature and figure. I exhort you to assign this place to virtue, without which friendship cannot exist, that, it being excepted, you should consider that there is nothing more excellent than friendship. Whatever that is which perceives, which judges, which wills, which lives, it is celestial and divine, and for this reason must necessarily be eternal. One man effected this, that we at length really appeared to govern all nations, by land and The water of the river invited the king, who was covered at once with dust and perspiration, to bathe his still warm body. I shall not vex your mind with complaints. I exhort you to rule and direct all things by your wisdom, that the counsels of others may not carry you away. Call to mind the Acilian law, in consequence of which the Roman people has had the advantage of excellent trials, and most strict judges concerning extortion. What region, what district, what place in Greece, what appearance or form of battle, what army, what rowing, what motion of men or of beasts, has not been so depicted by Homer, that he has caused us to see what he himself did3 not see? If any one chooses to call him a philosopher who gives us an abundance of matter and of words, he may do so for me. 4 I entreat you most urgently, my Plancus, to

sea.

1 The weight of Sulpicius was so great.-2 To become acquainted with.3 For the subj., see Gram. § 361.-4 I entreat you and beg of you so that I cannot (do so) with greater concern, with greater desire.

undertake this cause, to look upon it as my own, to exert yourself, to strive, to effect, that Caius Capito may obtain the estate5 of his kinsman.

5 Inheritance.

IV.

Volo (ut) cito venias. Themistocles Atheniensibus persuasit, ut urbem relinquerent. Temperantia est, quae in rebus aut expetendis aut fugiendis ut rationem sequamur monet. Qui in tantis beneficiis, quanta vos in me contulistis, remunerandis est tardior, non solum ingratus, verum etiam impius appelletur necesse est. Caesar Gallo cuidam persuasit, ut ad hostes transiret iisque diceret, Romanos eos timere. Velim existimes neminem cuiquam neque cariorem neque jucundiorem unquam fuisse, quam te mihi. Efficiendum est, ut appetitus rationi obediant. Omnia volo a me postules atque exspectes: vincam meis officiis cogitationes tuas. Quod honestum est, id utile ne sit, effici non potest. Multi tales sunt, ut verum et falsum non discernant. Cleomenes imperavit ut malus erigeretur, vela panderentur, ancorae tollerentur; signum quoque dari jussit, ut ceteri sequerentur. Suis te illecebris oportet ipsa virtus trahat ad verum decus. Rectissime praecipitur, ut perturbationes fugiamus, id est, motus animi nimios, rationi non obtemperantes. Quis tibi persuasit, ut huic assentiaris? Senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant.

V.

So far from appearing to have sought favour for myself, I am aware that I have even incurred the dislike of many. It commonly happens that the depressed fortunes of kings easily attract many2 to compassion. The state of the republic was such,3 that it was necessary for it to be governed by the wisdom and care of one. We see that this is the state of this whole universe and nature, that the sky is round and that the earth is in the centre. Nature has given either strength or swiftness to those beasts, which were intended to prey upon beasts of another kind. I shall do what ought to be done at the outset in all discussions-explain what the subject of the discussion is, that our discourse be not compelled to wander and go wrong. The real state of the case is certainly this, that to live according to nature is the chief good. It has been given to every class of animals by nature, to defend themselves, their life and body, to avoid those things which seem hurtful, and

6

1 Many dislikes.-2 The resources of many.-3 That.-4 Which had that food, that they should, &c.-5 I shall do this, that it be explained, what that is concerning which it is disputed.-6 About to injure, calculated to injure them.

to search for and procure whatever things are necessary for supporting life. I have always been of this mind, that odium incurred by virtue is glory, and not odium. I am afraid that I may seem to ascribe more to Piso, from my affection for him, than he deserves; 9 which is not the case. From the beginning of this war, which we have entered on with impious and wicked citizens, I have been afraid that some insidious condition of peace might extinguish our desires of recovering liberty. I fear that this war will not have a prosperous issue.

7 Living.-8 That I should think odium, &c.-9 To say more things than were in Piso.

VI.

Tantum abest, ut scribi contra nos nolimus, ut id etiam maxime optemus. Esse deos ita perspicuum est, ut id qui neget, vix eum sanae mentis existimem. Restat, ut, qualis eorum natura sit, consideremus. Fieri potest, ut recte quis sentiat et id, quod sentit, polite eloqui non possit. Accidere non oportet, ut quisquam te timere incipiat eorum, qui semel a te sint liberati timore. Quid inusitatius est, quam ut, quum duo consules fortissimi clarissimique essent, eques Romanus ad bellum maximum pro consule mitteretur? Beneficium hoc maximum civitati attulisti, ut dictaturam sustuleris. Veteres philosophi in beatorum insulis sapientes, cura omni liberatos, nihil aliud esse acturos putant, nisi ut omne tempus in quaerendo ac discendo consumant. Id contendimus, ut officii fructus sit ipsum officium. Quid potuit esse arrogantius, quam ut Graecus homo, qui hostem aut castra nunquam vidisset, Hannibali, summo illius aetatis imperatori, praecepta rei militaris daret? Novi animum, novi consilium tuum; non vereor, ne quid timide, ne quid stulte facias, si ea defendes, quae ipse recta esse senties. Vereor, ut hoc, quod dicam, non perinde intelligi auditu possit, atque ipse ego cogitans sentio. Vereor, ne, ignorans verum iter gloriae, gloriosum putes, plus te unum posse, quam omnes, et metui a civibus tuis quam diligi malis.

VII.

You who are not contented with what you have, and who fear that even what you have will not be of long continuance, are tormented day and night. You are afraid,2 I suppose, that, in the case of this crime, so enormous and impious, you may seem to decide on too severe a punishment?3 Although you ought much more to fear that, by abating the punishment, you may

1 To whom neither that is enough which you have (which is to you).-2 For the subj., see Gram., § 349.-3 To have determined anything too severely.