-and this is the chief source of influence-delivered many honourable judgments.

9 That which most of all makes influence.

II.

Nos in his linguis, quas non intelligimus, quae sunt innumerabiles, surdi sumus. Optimus est orator, qui dicendo animos audientium et docet et delectat et permovet. Mummius delevit Corinthum, quae urbs tum amplissima Graeciae erat. Caesar oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, Helvetios restituere jussit. Animum et corpus, quae duae partes hominis sunt, non eodem pretio aestimamus. Divitias et honorem, quae plurimi cupiunt, nonnulli contemnunt. Helvetii diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Darii uxor et filius, qui in castris relicti erant, capiuntur. Ne mulieribus et pueris quidem, qui in oppido reperti sunt, victor pepercit. Quid tam planum videtur quam mare? ex quo etiam aequor illud poëtae vocant. Sapientia nos quum multas res alias, tum, quod est difficillimum, docuit ut nosmetipsos nosceremus.

1

1 Quum-tum, both-and; but the clause introduced by tum is the more important, so that tum may often be translated and especially.

III.

Those1 (capacities or abilities) which are good may be made better by instruction, and those which are not very good may still be in some measure sharpened and corrected. That nobleness 2 which we seek from a lofty and great mind, is produced by the powers of the mind, not of the body. That which is

called the countenance indicates the character. He who has paid money, immediately has not that which he has returned he again who owes money, retains what belongs to another.2 (On the other hand) he1 who has paid (a debt of) gratitude, has it, and he who has (feels) it, has paid it. Our thoughts are free and look upon those things which they wish, as we behold those things which we see. Everything is praiseworthy that is good. Everything again is honourable that is praiseworthy. Therefore, that which is honourable is good. The animal that we call man, was created by the supreme God in a certain3 noble condition. Herodotus and Thucydides were very far from (making use of) those niceties, or rather absurdities of speech, which we call playing upon words. In ancient times, they

1 Et-et, both-and; but the former is often better omitted in English.-2 The neuter of the adjective, used substantively.-3 For the force of quidam, see note 2, Ex. i. under the Relative Pronoun.

surrounded with walls the assemblies of men, which were afterwards termed states, and the connected dwellings which we call cities.-Cic. Pro. Sest. 42. Men were created under this law, that they should look to that globe, which is called the earth; and the soul was given to them from those eternal fires, which you call constellations and stars: which, spherical and round, animated with divine intelligences, fulfil their circuits and orbits with wonderful swiftness.-Cic. de Rep.

Haec, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae imperatoris sed fortunae tribuo. Nihil bonum est, nisi quod honestum; nihil malum, nisi quod turpe. Nihil praeclarum est, quod non idem arduum. Peripatetici dicti sunt, quia disputabant inambulantes in Lyceo. Illi autem, qui Platonis instituto in Academia, quod erat alterum gymnasium, coetus erant et sermones habere soliti, e loci vocabulo nomen habuerunt.-Cic. Acad. Post. i. 4. Oculi augent dolorem, qui ea, quae ceteri audiunt, intueri coguntur. Sempronio datae sunt legiones duae, quae quaterna milia erant peditum et treceni equites. Ariovistus voluit occupare Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum. Omnis terra, quae colitur a vobis, parva quaedam insula est, circumfusa illo mari, quod Atlanticum, quod Magnum, quem Oceanum appellatis in terris.-Cic. de Rep. vi. 20. Carcer ille, quae lautumiae vocantur, a tyranno Dionysio factus est Syracusis.-Cic. in Verr. v. 55.

1 Soliti erant habere coetus et sermones.

III. APPOSITION.

(Exercises, p. 4.)

I.

Lucius Sulla and Lucius Murena, two very brave men and excellent generals, triumphed over Mithridates. Not only warlike couragel is to be sought for in a great general, but there are many excellent acquirements, the handmaids and companions of this courage. Philip was given to Alexander, when a boy, as his companion, and to watch over his health.2 He loved him with singular affection, not as his king only, but also as his foster-child. The senses have been placed in the head as the interpreters and messengers of things. How

1 Courage in fighting.-2 As his companion and guardian of his health.

4

convenient are the hands which nature has given to man, and for how many practical purposes are they serviceable !3 Vines take hold of props with their tendrils as if with hands, and raise themselves just as living creatures. Nature has not only furnished man with activity of mind, but has also added the senses as attendants and messengers. Fear, a master that does not long secure the performance of duty, made you good. All things that are feigned quickly fall off like blossoms, and nothing that is pretended can be lasting. You are to fight with those from whom you have already taken 5 Sicily and Sardinia as the prizes of war. The praise of the good, because it is for the most part the companion of right actions,6 is not to be repudiated by good men. But that popular fame,7 which pretends to imitate it, which is rash and unadvised, and usually the commender of offences and faults, by assuming the appearance of what is really honourable,9 spoils its grace and beauty.

3 Literally: How convenient, and the servants of how many arts, has nature given hands to man!-4 A master of not lasting duty.-5 From whom taken you have (have possession of).-6 Things done rightly.-7 Fame with the mass of the people.-8 Which wishes itself to be the imitator of it.-9 By pretence of honour.

II.

Alexander admovit exercitum ad urbem Celaenas. Duae res, quae languorem afferunt ceteris, Publium Scipionem acuebant, otium et solitudo. Marcellus fudit Hannibalem, Carthaginiensium ducem, apud Nolam, oppidum Campaniae. Civitatis mores pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque avaritia vexabant. Vel imperatore vel milite me utimini. Hannibal Taurinorum unam urbem, caput gentis ejus, vi expugnarat. Gallos accolas Padi sibi jungere voluit. Praesto sit domina omnium et regina ratio. Conon, Athenis expulsus, amplissima Graeciae urbe, se contulit ad Pharnabazum, Persarum regis propinquum. Terram, altricem nostram, voluit Deus esse diei noctisque effectricem.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

I. WHEN THE PREDICATE IS A VERB.

(Exercises, p. 6.)

I.

Man is possessed of1 judgment, reason, foresight. It was the will of nature that I should be2 compassionate, of my country that I should be stern, of neither my country nor nature that I should be cruel. An army of eight thousand foot3 and two hundred horse had come from the Caspian Sea. Caesar was possessed of genius, reason, memory, letters, care, thought, diligence. The sight of you, judges, here assembled, revives and refreshes my mind. Loftiness and greatness of mind, and likewise a regard for social rights, justice, liberality, are more (to be desired) according to nature than pleasure, than life, than riches. The recklessness and audacity of foolish and wicked men have sometimes profaned eloquence, a thing (in itself) most honourable and right. The crowd, with their leader, raised their eyes. The camp of Alexander appeared to Darius to be enveloped in bright flames,6 and a little after Alexander appeared to be led towards him in the same dress which he himself had worn ;7 then, having ridden on horseback through Babylon, to be suddenly withdrawn from his sight along with the horse itself. The whole of the plebs, from the desire of change (revolution), favoured the designs of Catiline. There arose a shout of the people, wondering what was the matter. It is beyond belief how highly both I and my brother valued M. Laenius. Either you can assist me or I can perhaps assist you in something. The one class of men set before themselves (as their aim) praise, honour, glory, fidelity, justice, and every virtue; the other gain, profit, advantage. Concerning these things the philosophers dispute with the greatest diversity of opinions. We can neither argue without attempting to refute others, nor can we argue rightly with anger or obstinacy. They rush to that extreme decree, to which recourse was never before had, except almost in the very conflagration of the city

1 There are in man.-2 Nature willed me to be.-3 A foot army of eight thousand men.-4 There were in Caesar.-5 Your sight and assembly.-6 To shine with a great blaze of fire.-7 In which he himself had been.-8 It is disputed with the greatest disagreement of the philosophers.-9 Without refuting.

and in despair of the safety of all. The most severe and harsh decrees are passed concerning the government of Caesar, and concerning the most honourable men, the tribunes of the plebs.

II.

Ex eloquentia ad illos qui eam adepti sunt, laus, honor, dignitas confluit. Scio, judices, quid gravitas vestra, quid periculi magnitudo, quid illi conventus, quid aetas, quid honor meus postulet. Difficile dictu est, quantopere conciliet animos hominum comitas affabilitasque sermonis. Pudorem rubor, terrorem pallor et tremor et dentium crepitus consequitur. Syracusae et Italiae Inferioris pars a Graecis subacta est. Quid non modo nos, sed omnino vita hominum sine te fuisset? Societatis humanae vinculum est ratio et oratio, quae conciliat homines inter se. Quem discordiae, quem caedes civium, quem bellum civile delectat, is ex numero hominum ejiciendus est. In eadem re utilitas et turpitudo esse non potest. terras lustrasse Pythagoras, Democritus, Plato dicuntur. Fuga et pavor Numidarum Romanis victoriam dedit. Ego et Cassius noster cras, ut cupis, apud te erimus. Neque tu neque soror tua invitati estis. Vivitur non cum perfectis hominibus pleneque sapientibus. Homerus et Hesiodus fuerunt ante Roman conditam. Mihi multa eximia divinaque videntur Athenae peperisse. Ego et tu sumus fratres. Justitia sine prudentia multum poterit; sine justitia nihil valebit prudentia. Xenophon et Plato clarissimi Socratis discipuli habiti sunt. Tu et pater tuus multa beneficia civitati praestitistis.

Ultimas

II. WHEN THE PREDICATE IS AN ADJECTIVE.

(Exercises, p. 7.)

I.

No one1 except the good man is happy, and all good men are happy. Pretence and concealment must be taken away from the whole life. In all matters, rashness in assenting and error are disgraceful. Both the advantage and the delight of studies are to be preferred to all pleasures. Malleolus and his mother and grandmother were brought forward by me. Jest and witticisms are pleasant and often extremely useful. That liberty which you have often desired, moreover riches, honour, glory, are placed before your eyes. Every foolish person is unhappy. Duty is simple, and the cause of all good men is one. Pain, if

1 Neque quisquam-et, neither any one-and, equivalent to both no one—and.— 2 No foolish person is not.