on which he wished to hear (me speak); on this I would discourse, either sitting or walking up and down. Cleanthes used to bid his hearers imagine to themselves a representation of Pleasure,2 seated on a throne, in beautiful attire and with regal ornaments, and the Virtues attending as handmaidens, with nothing else to do but to serve Pleasure. The ancient Germans devoted themselves to the chase. So long as the state was ruled by those to whom she had intrusted herself, I bestowed on her all my care and thought. So long as the government of the Roman people was maintained by benefits, not by injuries, wars were wont to be waged either in behalf of their allies or for their own supremacy; the issues of the wars were either merciful or (if severe) necessary. The senate was the harbour and refuge of kings, peoples, tribes. Moreover, our magistrates and generals sought to derive the highest praise from this alone, if they defended the provinces and allies by justice and fidelity. Therefore, that might more truly be called the protectorate than the empire of the world. We had3 even previously been gradually departing from this habit and mode of acting; but after the victory of Sulla we lost it entirely.

2 Pleasure painted in a picture.-3 According to the analogy of Gram., § 331,

note 2.

IV.

Duae urbes potentissimae, quae huic imperio minitabantur, Carthago et Numantia, ab eodem Scipione deletae sunt. Zopyrus profitebatur se naturam cujusque ex forma perspicere. Socrates percunctando atque interrogando elicere solebat eorum opiniones, quibuscum disserebat. Dionysius vivebat cum fugitivis, cum facinorosis, cum barbaris. Neminem, qui aut libertate dignus esset1 aut vellet1 omnino liber esse, sibi amicum arbitrabatur. Demosthenes illo susurro delectari se dicebat aquam ferentis mulierculae insusurrantisque alteri: Hic est ille Demosthenes. Dum per patentia loca ducebatur agmen, hostis non apparuit; ubi rursus silvae intratae, tum postremos adorti, cum magno pavore omnium, septingentos milites occiderunt, sex signa ademere. Praedones cum Baccho in Asiam navigabant; malos atque remos in angues convertit. Tarquinius se ad urbem muro cingendam comparabat, quum bellum Sabinum incepto intervenit. Quum Caesar in hibernis esset, crebri nuntii ad eum perferebantur. Socrates censebat animum esse immortalem.

1 For the subjunctive, see Gram., § 360.

V.

I name nobody; wherefore, no one can be angry with me, unless he is willing first to confess concerning himself. He who can converse with himself will not require the conversation of another. In my opinion (at least), no one can be an orator, crowned with the highest honour, unless he has acquired the knowledge of all great subjects and arts. If we endow with fluency men who are destitute of integrity and wisdom, we shall not make them orators indeed, but give arms, as it were, to madmen. He will be eloquent who can adapt his speech to whatever is right. When he has settled this, then he will say everything as it ought to be said. When I have created, nourished, matured, as I have commenced (to do), this orator, whom I am now imagining, I shall deliver him up to Lucius Crassus, to be clothed and adorned. I consider it unlawful for me to desert the city, so long at least as I am able to hope. If our conscience1 is a witness to us of good designs and actions through our whole life, we shall live without any fear, with the greatest honour. He will be called foolish who is a source of gain to his neighbour, of loss to himself. If you write anything to me, I shall act so as you give me to understand that you wish (me to act); but if you do not write, I shall still attend, with the greatest diligence, to all things that I shall consider advantageous for you. I am going to send private letter-carriers in a few days. I at least shall perform 3 my duty to the state and to the commander. If you know, says Carneades, that an asp is lying hid in any place, and that some one, whose death will be a source of gain to you, is wishing to sit down above it, you will act wickedly if you do not warn him not to sit down.-Cic. de Fin. ii. 18.

1 The consciousness of our mind.-2 As I shall have understood.-3 See Gram., § 338, note 3.-4 For the subj., see Gram., § 361.

VI.

Morati melius erimus, quum didicerimus, quae natura desideret. Catulum audiens sic judicare soleo, quidquid aut addideris aut mutaveris aut detraxeris, vitiosius et deterius futurum. Contemno magnitudinem doloris, a qua me brevitas temporis vindicabit ante paene, quam venerit. Consequemur hoc, si cavebimus. Quo pluribus profecerimus, eo plures habebimus amicos. Totam rem, quantum potero, explicabo. nobis, quum paulum otii nacti erimus, uberiores litteras exspectato. Caesar de hae re in senatu, idibus Martiis, acturus erat. Populone jura erepturi atque tribuniciam potestatem eversuri estis?

A

GRAMMAR.-CHAPTER LI,

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MO 0 D.

I. THE HYPOTHETICAL SUBJUNCTIVE.

(Exercises, p. 72.)

I.

he

I neither know well enough, nor, if I knew, should I venture to say. If there is anything1 noble at all, assuredly nothing is more so than consistency, both in the whole life and in individual actions; and this you would not be able to preserve, if, imitating the nature of others, you should lose sight of your own. If a good man had the power, that, if he but snapped his fingers, his name might be introduced into the wills of the wealthy, would not use this power, not even if he were certain that no one (at all) would suspect it. If one who had deposited money in your hands should make war on our country, would you return the deposit? I should think not: for (if you did) you would be acting against the state, which ought to be most dear to us. If any one had left a sword with you, in his sound mind, and should ask it back, being mad, it would be a sin to restore it—a duty not to restore it. Since all speech consists of matter and words, the words cannot have a basis if you withdraw the matter, and the matter cannot be made clear2 if you remove the words. As, if every member of the body should imagine 3 that it could be in a good condition if it should transfer to itself the health of the member next it, it would necessarily follow4 that the whole body should be weakened, and should perish: so, if every one of us should grasp at 5 the advantages of others, and tear whatever he can from others,6 for the sake of his own profit, the society and fellowship of men must necessarily be overthrown.7

1 Quidquam is here used because the meaning is, that nothing is noble if this is not.-2 The matter cannot have light.-3 Should have this notion, that it should think that it could be well.-4 It would be necessary.-5 Should tear to himself. 6 Should withdraw what he can from every one. For the subjunctive possit, see Gram., § 361.-7 It is necessary that the society, &c. be overthrown.

II.

Ejus mortis sedetis ultores, cujus vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis. Si domum magnam pulchramque videris, non possis adduci, ut etiamsi dominum non videas, muribus illam et mustelis aedificatam putes. Si plus apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua, quam ipsius populi Romani salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus? Rex in monumento aperto non quas speraverat divitias, sed haec verba exarata invenit: Nisi turpis lucri cupidus esses et te insatiabilis teneret avaritia, sepulchra mortuorum non violasses. Nisi Themistocles Miltiadis aemulus fuisset, Graecia in barbarorum ditione fuisset, et nomina Salaminis et Artemisii, victoriis nobilitata, non audita

essent.

III.

If delight alone were sought from the studies of polite letters, still we should consider this pursuit the most refined and liberal. If the gods, says he, had left it in your own hands, Philip, in what way you should wish (most of all) to test my feelings towards you, you would have wished assuredly to do so in another way, but a surer method you could not even have desired.1 When Archytas was 2 somewhat angry at his steward, he said: How should I have met you, if I had not been angry? The memory is weakened, if you do not exercise it, or even if you are rather slow by nature. Darius had a mild and yielding disposition, were not nature usually spoiled by good-fortune.-Curt. iii. 5. I should have fallen3 further, had I not restrained myself. If you accuse any thief or rapacious person, you will have always to avoid all suspicion of avarice. If a good man were selling a house on account of any defects which he was aware of,5 but all others were ignorant of 5; suppose that it was unhealthy, and was considered healthy; suppose it was built of bad materials and ruinous, but that no one knew this besides the proprietor; I ask, if the seller should not inform the buyers of this, and should sell the house at a much higher price than he thought he would, should he act justly or wickedly?-Cic. de Off. iii. 13.

1 You could not even have desired to do so in a surer way than you have tested them. To expertus supply es.-2 Had become.-3 I was falling, see Gram., § 346.-4 See Gram., § 346, 2, note 2.-5 For the subjunctive, see Gram., § 361.

IV.

Honestum dicimus, etiamsi a nullo laudetur, laudabile esse natura. Sunt ingeniis nostris semina innata virtutum ; quae si adolescere liceret, ipsa nos ad beatam vitam natura perduceret.

Si nullum aliud mihi praemium a senatu populoque Romano, nisi honestum otium postularem, quis non concederet? Si, sublato Catilina, depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, jam pridem ego illum, non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae periculo, sustulissem. Contra, si quis aciem Macedonum intueretur, dispar facies erat.-Curt. iii. 8. Ex urbe profecturus eram,1 nisi advenisses. Milites cessuri erant,' nisi consul cum exercitu subvenisset.

1 See Gram., § 346.

II. THE POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE, AND CONCESSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.

(Exercises, p. 74.)

I.

I would not easily mention a man who excelled1 Caius Piso, my son-in-law, even in genius. Who would call him a man, who says that those things take place by chance, when, with all our wisdom, we cannot comprehend with what wisdom they are conducted? 2 Stones and deserts answer to the voice; wild beasts are often moved by song, and stand still: should we, who have received the highest instruction,3 not be moved by the voice of the poets? Should I decide against the fidelity of my physician? should I then suffer myself to be crushed in my tent? Perhaps some one may say: would not, then, the wise man, if he were perishing with hunger, take away food from another, from a man good for nothing?-By no means. Who would forgive him, who has taken it upon him to correct the morals of others and to reprove their offences, if he should himself in anything swerve from the obligation of duty?

1 For the subj., see Gram., § 360.-2 That those things take place by chance, which with how great wisdom they are conducted, we can with no wisdom comprehend.-3 Instructed in the greatest matters.

II.

Quis unquam arbitraretur hoc tantum bellum ab uno imperatore confici posse? Sum felix: quis enim neget hoc? felixque manebo hoc quoque quis dubitet? Nihil tam difficile sit, quin investigari possit. Quis vel eum jure reprehenderit, qui in ea voluptate velit esse, quam nihil molestiae consequatur,1 vel illum, qui dolorem eum fugiat, quo voluptas nulla pariatur? 1 Quis me jure reprehenderit? Haud facile discerneres, utrum imperatori an exercitui carior esset Hannibal. Confecto proelio,

1

1 For the subjunctive, see Gram., § 260.