GRAMMAR.-CHAPTER XLVIII.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF CLAUSES, ETC.

(Exercises, p. 64.)

I.

The Greeks know the force of the countenance, but have no name for it. This is not a written but a natural law-which we have not learned, or heard, or read, but have caught, have drawn, have derived from nature herself, which we have not been taught, but which is innate in us, to which we have not been trained, but which we have imbibed that if our life should be threatened by 2 snares, by violence, by the weapons of robbers or enemies, every method of securing our safety would be honourable. Our common country, beset with the brands and weapons of an impious conspiracy, stretches out its hands suppliantly to you; to you it commends itself, to you the life of all the citizens, the citadel and the Capitol, the altars of the Penates, the perpetual and eternal fire of Vesta, all the temples and shrines of the gods, the walls and houses of the city. You must this day decide concerning your own lives, concerning the lives of your wives and children, concerning the fortunes of all, concerning your abodes and hearths.

1 To which we have not been taught, but made; not instructed, but imbued. -2 Should have fallen into.-3 The well known.

II.

Magna est admiratio copiose sapienterque dicentis. Quem qui audiunt, intelligere etiam plus quam ceteros arbitrantur. Quae prima innocentis mihi defensio est oblata, suscepi. Eos et accusamus et justo odio dignissimos ducimus, qui, blanditiis praesentium voluptatum corrupti, quos dolores, quas molestias excepturi sint, occaecati cupiditate, non provident. Quem si vobis, si suis, si reipublicae conservatis, obstrictum vobis ac liberis vestris habebitis.

GRAMMAR.-CHAPTER L.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

I. IN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES.

(Exercises, p. 65.)

I.

If we have always considered taxes to be the sinews of the state, we shall be right in saying, that that order which farms them is the support of all the other orders. If you have acted rashly, and have paid too little regard to the state, these men are right in endeavouring1 to rule your desires by their counsels. In my opinion,2 we ought not the less to devote ourselves to eloquence, although some perversely abuse it, both in public and private causes, but (we ought to devote ourselves to it) even the more intensely, lest bad men should have most influence, to the great loss of the good, and the common ruin of all. All things are wretched in civil wars, but nothing more wretched than the victory itself, which, although it falls to the better party, yet renders even them more cruel and violent; so that, even if they are not such by nature, they are yet compelled (to be so) by necessity. If any suppose that they can obtain solid fame by pretence and empty show, by dissimulation not only of speech, but even of countenance, they are grievously mistaken.

1 We shall rightly say; they rightly endeavour.-2 The force of quidem (at least) is to make meo emphatic.-3 For the subj., see Gram. § 343.-4 By feigned not only speech, but even countenance.

II.

Stulti, etsi adepti sunt, quod concupiverunt, nunquam se tamen satis consecutos putant. Difficile est mutare animum, et, si quid est penitus insitum moribus, id subito evellere. Magna vis est in virtutibus; eas excita, si forte dormiunt. Moderari animo et orationi, quum sis iratus, aut etiam tacere et tenere in sua potestate motum animi et dolorem, etsi non est perfectae sapientiae, tamen est non mediocris ingenii. Dives non felicior est quam cui victus est diurnus, nisi fortuna dedit ut divitiis ad finem fruatur. Sive tuo, sive amicorum uteris consilio, in hac re semper errabis.

II.

THE INDICATIVE WHERE WE SHOULD EXPECT THE

SUBJUNCTIVE.

(Exercises, p. 66.)

I.

It would have been much more advantageous to have occupied the narrow entrance to Cilicial with a strong force. You yourself, Torquatus, ought to have been already satisfied with the miseries of this man. Although you had deprived Sulla of nothing else than the consulship, yet you ought to have been contented with this. If nature had constituted us so,2 that we should be able to behold and perceive herself, and, under her excellent guidance,3 to complete the course of life, there would be no ground why any one should desire reason and instruction. Orgetorix, if condemned, was to have been burnt.4

1 The straits of the approach, which opens Cilicia.-2 Had produced us such. And the same excellent nature being our guide. It behoved this punishment to follow Orgetorix, being condemned, that he should be burnt with fire.

II.

Ab iis non adjutus es, a quibus debuisti. Arsanes retro concessit, populator terrae, quam a populationibus vindicare debuerat. Haec res me fefellit, quae fortasse non debuit. Philosophi debuerunt intelligere inesse aliquem non solum habitatorem in hac coelesti ac divina domo, sed etiam rectorem et moderatorem tanti operis. Gravissimo supplicio affectum esse Catilinam jam pridem oportebat. Quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Agamemnoni melius fuit, non servare promissum.

III. THE INDICATIVE AFTER DOUBLED RELATIVES, ETC.

(Exercises, p. 67.)

I.

Let whatever can be given without injury (to one's self), be granted even to an unknown person. Wherever it is well with us, there is our native land. What destruction was caused by Mark Antony's brother, who, from being a gladiator,1 became a general, wherever he trod! Mark Antony did these same things wherever he led his army. Deiotarus, as far as he

1 Mirmillo is a kind of gladiator.

E

was at leisure from the wars of the Roman people, used to cultivate intimacies and friendships with our countrymen. Whoever he was, that had, in my affliction,2 had any share in the crime of Clodius, wherever he came, whatever trial he underwent, he was (regularly) condemned. In the body of the state, let whatever is noxious be cut off, that the whole

safe.

may be

2 This refers to the banishment of Cicero, which Clodius procured.

II.

Nihil est virtute amabilius. Quam qui adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Quidquid honestum est, idem est utile. Is, quisquis est, qui moderato et quieto animo est sibique ipse placatus, sapiens est. Qualescunque summi civitatis viri fuerunt, talis civitas fuit; quaecunque mutatio in principibus exstiterit, eadem in populo sequetur. Hoc periculum vitare oportuit, quomodocunque poteras. Ubicunque parricidium factum est, improbe factum est; quicunque autem fecit, supplicio dignus est. Quodcunque rectum est, certis finibus continetur, quos non transit. Ubicunque est homo, ibi est beneficii locus. Boni omnem virtutem colunt, quomodocunque appellatur.

IV. THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.

(Exercises, p. 68.)

I.

1

While our men are too busily collecting all these things, the king himself escapes out of their hands. Alexander, pursuing Darius, draws all his forces together from all sides. While the Romans were engaged with these preparations and deliberations, Saguntum was already being besieged with the utmost energy. While the Romans were wasting the time with sending embassies, Hannibal granted a respite of a few days to his soldiers. So long as you either held out by your own resources, or hoped for succours from the Romans, I never made any mention of peace to2 you. When Hostius fell, immediately the Roman line gave way, and was scattered in flight as far as the ancient gate of the Palatine. He who perceives a thing before it falls under his senses,3 is said praesagire-that is, to perceive future things beforehand. After

1 Following close on, treading on the heels of. Before.-3 He who perceives, before a thing has been presented.

4

interest, that corrupt imitator of virtue, gained command of eloquence without regard to duty; then wicked men,5 relying on their genius, began to overthrow cities and undermine the lives of men. As soon as the enemy, having been conquered in battle, recovered from their flight, they immediately sent ambassadors to Caesar (to treat) concerning peace. When the inhabitants of Celaenae saw that the citadel was being invested, they bargained for a truce of sixty days; when they still remained without assistance, they gave themselves up to the king.-Curt. iii. 1. When Alco, the Saguntine, had passed over to Hannibal by night, after he saw that his tears produced no effect, and that Hannibal, as an incensed conqueror, persisted in making severe conditions, he turned deserter instead of ambassador, and remained with the enemy.-Livy, xxi.

4 A sort of interest.-5 Wickedness.-6 Accustomed themselves.

II.

In eo proelio septuaginta quatuor de nostris equitibus cadunt. Dionysius, dum opes suas firmare studet, nullius vitae pepercit, quem inimicum duxit. Interim a compluribus civitatibus ad Caesarem legati veniunt, quibus, pacem atque amicitiam petentibus, liberaliter respondit obsidesque ad se adduci jubet.Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. 18. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt. Ubi hoc Romae nuntiatum est, statim consul cum exercitu profectus est. Themistocles idem fecit, quod, viginti annis ante, Coriolanus apud nos fecerat. Quod ubi Caesar comperit, omnibus rebus confectis, quarum rerum causa traducere exercitum constituerat, se in Galliam recepit pontemque rescidit. Ubi de Caesaris adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt, nobilissimos civitatis.

III.

when they

The Decii saw the flashing swords of the enemy, were rushing on their line. They were freed from all fear of wounds by the nobleness and glory of the death. He was called hostis among our ancestors, whom we now call peregrinus (a foreigner).1 Those who were desirous that their words and actions should be pleasing to the multitude, were considered populares; those, again, who conducted themselves so that their measures should be approved by all the best men, were considered optimates. I used to bid any one propose a subject

1 The meaning is, that hostis formerly meant a foreigner.