VIII. THE ETHICAL DATIVE, AND THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE OR EFFECT.

(Exercises, p. 28.)

I.

The blood of innocent men was not only a source of pleasure but also of gain to Verres. Thy voice and defence, Marcus Tullius, were of assistance to very many. A rapid stream of words is pleasing to some, who make eloquence consist2 in fluency of speech. Others are delighted with distinct and well-divided intervals-pauses and rests. Concerning matters of such magnitude and atrocity, I am aware that I can neither speak with sufficient aptitude, nor complain with sufficient force, nor cry aloud with sufficient freedom. For the aptitude of my speech is prevented by the poorness of my abilities, the force by my age, the freedom by the times. The glory of their virtue and achievements is the best inheritance that can be handed down by fathers to their children, and more excellent than every patrimony; and to prove a disgrace to this must be considered unlawful and a crime. Arsanes lays Cilicia waste with fire and sword, in order that the enemy may find it a wilderness:7 whatever may be of use he destroys. What is the object of this dress? why is it that you are glad? what do you want?

1 A stream and rapidity of words.-2 Place eloquence.-3 Concerning these things, so great and so atrocious. The poorness of my abilities is an obstacle to the aptitude, &c.-5 The glory, &c., is handed down the best inheritance.6 To which to prove a disgrace.-7 That he may make a wilderness to the enemy.

II.

Conjunctionem potestatis et sapientiae saluti censuit Plato civitatibus esse posse. Quod idem moestitiam meam reprehendit, idem jocum, magno argumento est, me in utroque fuisse moderatum. Pergite, ut facitis, atque in id studium, in quo estis, incumbite, ut et vobis honori, et amicis utilitati, et reipublicae emolumento esse possitis. Murena parenti suo magno adjumento in periculis, solatio in laboribus, gratulationi in victoria fuit. Binas1 a te accepi litteras, quod ipsum argumento mihi fuit diligentiae tuae. Fabio Pictori Romae laudi non fuit, quod pinxit. Nec cuiquam salutem ac fortunas suas tantae curae fuisse unquam puto, quantae mihi fuerit honos Milonis. Valetudo tua maximae nobis curae est. Severitas multis odio esse solet. Quid sibi vult hic clamor? quid convocati homines?? Quid mihi hae ineptiae?

1 Binas ; see Gram., § 106, note 2.-2 Supply sibi volunt.

IX. THE DATIVE FOR THE ABLATIVE WITH A OR AB.

(Exercises, p. 29.)

I.

I see that an eternal war has been entered on by me singly with all wicked men. Do you, citizens, defend your homes with guards and watches; I have taken care that the city be sufficiently protected, without fear on your part,2 and without any disturbance. I see that you singly can be of so much assistance to him, that there is nothing further to be desired by us. That stain must be blotted out by you. Excellence in oratory cannot exist, unless he who speaks understands those things concerning which he speaks.3 He who speaks so as to meet the approbation of the multitude, must necessarily meet the approbation of the cultivated likewise.4-Cicero. Epicurus places our judgments of things in the senses, by which if anything false has been once approved as true, he thinks that all discernment of the true and false is destroyed.-Cicero. I have to seek not so much copiousness as moderation 5 in speaking.

1 That the city have sufficient defence, has been taken care of, and provided for by me.-2 Without your fear.-3 Unless those things concerning which he speaks, have been understood by him who speaks. It is necessary that the same person who speaks, so that he is approved by the multitude, be approved also by the cultivated.-5 That is, to keep within limits.

II.

Cui, qui modo populi Romani nomen audivit, Deiotari probitas, virtus, fides non est audita? Interea pavidae nequicquam filia matri omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo. Germanis nullae urbes habitatae sunt. Amor tuus erga me mihi bene perceptus est. Pittheus misit me in arva, suo quondam regnata parenti. Ovid, Metam. viii. 623. Quid nobis faciendum est? Omnibus in hac causa laborandum est.

THE GENITIVE.

I. THE GENITIVE IN GENERAL.

(Exercises, p. 30.)

I.

Abundance of facts produces abundance of words. In the beasts there are some semblances of human virtues. Time destroys conjectures and fancies, but confirms the judgments of nature. Comedy is an imitation of life, the mirror of custom, the image of truth. The lineaments of the mind are more beautiful than those of the body. Lay aside the character of friend, when you assume that of judge. The consequences of opposites are opposite. Many use the name only of virtue, but are ignorant of what virtue means. The surest and greatest revenues of the Roman people are at stake, which being lost, you will look (in vain) both for the ornaments of peace and the succours necessary for war. This province must be defended by you, citizens, not only from calamity, but even from the fear of calamity, if you wish to maintain your advantages in war and your dignity in peace. The chariot consecrated to Jupiter was drawn by white horses; these were followed by a horse of remarkable size, which they called that of the Sun. Those objects which are perceived by the senses are all the same,2 and those things which affect the senses, affect in like manner the senses of all. When Simonides, or some other person, was offering to teach Themistocles the art of memory, he replied: I should prefer the art of forgetting;3 for I remember even those things which I do not wish to remember, I cannot forget those things which I wish to forget. That hardened state of mind (as of the body, which, when it is burned, does not feel it), I should consider insensibility rather than virtue.

1 The fancies of opinions.-2 All the same things are perceived by the senses. -3 Themistocles, when Simonides or some other person was offering him the art of memory, says, I should, &c.-4 Hardness.

II.

Saepe totius anni fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore amittitur. Est animorum naturale quoddam pabulum consideratio contemplatioque naturae. Necessitatis inventa antiquiora sunt quam voluptatis. Nullo modo summum pecudum bonum et hominis idem mihi videri potest. Majores sunt

voluptates et dolores animi quam corporis. Nova sunt rerum novarum facienda nomina. Alterius partis periculum depulsum est. Duae sunt artes, quae possunt locare homines in altissimo gradu dignitatis: una imperatoris, altera oratoris boni. Ab hoc enim pacis ornamenta retinentur; ab illo belli pericula repelluntur. Dissimilitudines sunt innumerabiles naturae morumque. Multa sunt tuae clementiae monumenta, sed maxime eorum incolumitates, quibus salutem dedisti. Injustitiae duo genera sunt: unum eorum qui inferunt, alterum eorum, qui ab iis, quibus infertur, non propulsant injuriam. Tigranes et ipse hostis fuit populi Romani et acerrimum hostem, Mithridatem, in regnum recepit.

II. THE OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE GENITIVE.

(Exercises, p. 31.)

4

I.

The admiration entertained for one who speaks1 copiously and wisely is great. The recollection of past evils1 is pleasant. Every removal of pain1 has been rightly called pleasure. The very withdrawment of trouble produces the succession of pleasure. Those who are said exisse ex potestate3 (to be out of their mind), are said to be so for this reason-because they do not obey the intellect, to which the sovereignty over1 the whole soul has been assigned by nature. Pleasure is an allurement to baseness.1 Caesar delivers a speech to the soldiers; he recounts all7 the injuries which his enemies had done him.2 If there is any fear of odium, is odium arising from strenuousness and fortitude to be more intensely feared than that arising from indolence and inactivity ?8 A certain barbarian murdered Hasdrubal, from anger at his having slain 9 his master.1 Now being most severely wounded by fortune,10 and being freed from the management of the state,1 I seek the remedy for my grief1 in philosophy; and I consider it the most honourable delight for my time of inactivity.11 Alexander did not seek so much a remedy against death,1 as one that should fit him for war.1

1 Objective genitive.--2 Subjective genitive.-3 This Latin expression must be retained in the English, as the sentence is just an explanation of its meaning.4 They are not under the authority of the intellect. The soul, including the passions, desires, &c.-6 In the presence of.-7 Literally, the injuries of all times; that is, not merely recent injuries.-8 Nequitia is more general in its meaning than inactivity; it denotes any kind of worthlessness.-9 From anger of (arising from) his master slain by him. This, like some others in the present exercise, is an objective genitive of the kind explained in Gram. § 273, 3.-10 Struck with the most severe wound of fortune-11 Otium, a time of inactivity.

II.

Effectus eloquentiae1 est audientium approbatio. Suavis laborum2 est praeteritorum memoria. Doloris2 amotio successionem efficit voluptatis. Ne Lucio Flacco tantus amor in 3 omnes bonos, tantum in 3 rempublicam studium, calamitati sit. Non supplicii2 metus, sed admonitio officii,2 optimum virtutis 2 incitamentum est. A te non liberationem culpae,2 sed errati 2 veniam, impetravimus. Patientia optima est medicina doloris.2 Maxima illecebra est peccandi 2 impunitatis2 spes. Amoris magni erga te mei pater tuus erat testis. Superioris vitae2 memoria multis perjucunda est. Fiducia virium 2 facit

animum.

1 Subjective genitive.-2 Objective Genitive.-3 See Gram., § 273, 2.

III. THE EXPLICATIVE GENITIVE.

(Exercises, p. 32.)

I.

The word invidia is ambiguous, since it is used not only of him1 who envies, but also of him who is envied.2 Cato, in his old age, had already 3 the surname, as it were, of wise. There is in man, as it were buried, a certain divine fire of genius and intellect. No one who has acquired the fame of fortitude, has obtained (this) praise by deceit and wickedness. Tigranes obtained by entreaties the name of friendship and alliance,4 which he had violated by arms. The punishment of guilt is sad, and, without reference to consequences,5 very great in itself.

1 Is said not only in the case of him.-2 In the first case it may be translated envy; in the second, odium.-3 Already; that is, even before his death.-4 That is, the name of friend and ally of the Roman people.-5 Besides those effects which follow.

II.

Is, qui studet omnium rerum divinarum atque humanarum vim, naturam causasque nosse, philosophi nomine appellatur. Animus paratus ad periculum, si sua cupiditate, non utilitate communi, impellitur, audaciae potius nomen habere debet, quam fortitudinis. Voluptatis verbo omnes, qui Latine sciunt, duas res subjiciunt, laetitiam in animo, commotionemque suavem jucunditatis in corpore. Magnopere te hortor, ut non solum orationes meas, sed hos etiam de philosophia libros legas.-Cic. de Off. i. 1. Hannibal Pyrenaeum transgreditur et ad oppidum Illiberis castra locat.—Livy, xxi. 24.