the Kayem Makom, wishing to prevent a renewal of hostilities, sent a messenger to the Pacha of Azzarroon, and proposed to mediate between him and the prince of Persia. The messenger returned with an assurance, that a person should be sent to Persia to make peace. After a lapse of four months, during which time the Kayem Makom prevailed on the prince to suspend hostilities, intelligence was received, that an army of 10,000 men was collected in Azzarroon, and that large preparation was making for a renewal of the war. At the same time Hosien Khan, the king's sirdar or governor of Erivan, the capital of Armenia, sent advices, that the Turkish troops were on the eve of commencing an attack in that quarter, and urged the prince to secure the boundary and cut them off from Armenia. The prince accordingly instructed the Sirdar to advance from Erivan and attack the troops on their way from Azzarroon. The Sirdar did so, and took possession of the town of Korse, a frontier military station of the Turks near Armenia, and lying between Erivan and Azzar

roon.

The Persians were subsequently joined by Selim Pacha, a Kurdish rebel, by whose aid they were enabled to obtain considerable advantages. The prince royal him

self, on the 1st of July, marched from Tabriz with his army; and, on the 3rd of August, attacked the Turks, who, in less than an hour, were completely defeated, with the loss of their tents and baggage, ten 4-pounders, two 12pounders, one 14-pounder, one 16pounder, and one mortar. The Persians pursued them to within two days' march of Azzarroon; and there was every probability that that place would have fallen into their hands, but the choleramorbus began to prevail among the victorious troops, and fatigue rendering the disease mortal, the prince royal and his army returned to Tabriz with the spoils they had taken.

At the same time, the Schah himself directed his march against Bagdad; the inhabitants of which, it was supposed, were extremely inclined to open their gates to him. Among his retinue was that Abbas Mirza, who had so long resided in London as ambassador.

The internal dissensions, which had distracted Morocco, came this year to a conclusion. Muley Zeid, the competitor for the throne, was delivered up to his uncle Muley Solomon, and imprisoned. The authority of the aged emperor was completely re-established both in old Fez and Tetuan.

TH

HE United States continued to pursue the quiet tenor of their way, attentive to develope every source of internal prosperity and watchful in observing every external event that might affect their interests. On the 8th of March, a message of the president recommended to the congress the recognition of the independence of the South American republics. The committee, to whom the message was referred, reported in favour of the proposition, and the report was affirmed in the House of Representatives, with only one dissenting voice. The measure was finally ratified, notwithstanding the vain remonstrances and protests of the Spanish ambassador; and the sum of a hundred thousand dollars was appropriated, to meet the charges of diplomatic intercourse with the new governments.

The boundary between the United States and our Canadian possessions, was settled by commis

sioners appointed for the purpose. In the decision, our commissioners, it was said, shewed either great ignorance of or great inattention to the interests of our colonists; for the frontier line was so drawn, as in some parts to deprive us of the benefit of the navigation of the St. Lawrence.

The first article of the treaty of Ghent, stipulated that "all territory, places, and possessions, taken by either party from the other, during the war, or which might be taken after the signing of the treaty, excepting only the islands thereinafter mentioned, shall be restored without delay, and without causing any destruction, or carrying away any of the artillery, or other property originally captured in said forts or places, which should remain therein upon the exchange of the ratifications of the said treaty, or any slaves or other private property." Doubts having afterwards arisen with respect to

the construction of this article, the points in dispute were, by a subsequent convention, referred to the arbitration of the emperor of Russia. His award was now given: "the emperor," said this award, "is of opinion, that the United States of America are entitled to a just indemnification for all the private property carried away by the British forces; and as the question regards slaves more especially, for all such slaves as were carried away by the British forces from the places and territories of which the restitution is stipulated by the treaty, in quitting the said places and territories: And further, that the United States are entitled to consider as having been so carried away, all such slaves as may have been transported from the abovementioned territories on board of the British vessels within the waters of the said territories, and who for this reason have not been restored."

The measures of reprisal, pursued by the American government, compelled France to abolish the heavy tonnage duty on American ships; and a treaty of navigation, on terms of reciprocity, was concluded between them.

The finances of the Union were in a flourishing state. The receipts into the Treasury for the three quarters ending with the 30th September, 1822, amounted to 14,745,000 dollars; the payments fell short of the receipts by nearly 2,500,000 dollars, besides discharging all current expenses, including the interest and re-imbursement of the debt: part of the 6 per cent stock was redeemed; and it was estimated, that on the 1st of January, 1823, the absolute balance in the Treasury would be

nearly three millions of dollars. The gross amount of duties, from the 1st of January to the 30th of September, 1822, exceeded 19,500,000 dollars; and, on the 1st of January 1823, was expected to reach the amount of 23,000,000 dollars.

The congress met on the 3rd of Dec. 1822. The speech of the president gave, as usual, a distinct and very flattering view of the situation of the country. The president stated in it, that the native manufactures had been augmented, and earnestly pressed the encouragement of them on the attention of the congress. He denominated freedom of commerce an abstract doctrine, and thought that the duties on certain foreign articles might be increased with advantage.

The congress of Columbia, assembled at Sta. Fé de Bogota was occupied in giving an internal organization to a country, which, after years of desolating war, had now a reasonable prospect of enjoying a period of peace. Its independence was firmly established; and it found some additional security in the steps which Yucatan and the Isthmus of Panama took, to throw off the yoke of Spanish supremacy. The siege of Porto Cabello was continued; and though some advantageous positions close to it were carried by the republicans, the fortress itself still remained in the hands of the Spaniards. It was too strong to be carried by storm; and the superiority of the Spanish squadron rendered the blockade ineffectual, by giving the besieged the means of constant naval communication. Morales, the Spanish general, availed himself of this advantage, to make frequent descents

on various parts of the coast, by which he gained the treble benefit of harassing the enemy, of procuring supplies of necessaries, and of enriching his troops with plunder, while at the same time he ran little risk of having his retreat cut off. In these expeditions, he sustained many checks; but whenever fortune failed him, he hastened back to his fortress, and having there recruited himself, soon sallied forth again. Thus on the 11th of August, he was defeated in an attempt on Valencia and Caraccas, and was forced to retreat to Porto Cabello: yet, on the 26th of August, he was again at sea, dispersed a Columbian detachment which opposed him, and took temporary possession of Maracaibo.

The president Bolivar, choosing for himself a more easy and more dazzling task than that of reducing Porto Cabello, proceeded with a considerable force towards Quito, in order to annex that province to the Columbian republic. He was opposed by an army of royalists which was commanded by general Murgeon, the late governor of Panama: on the other hand, a division of San Martin's army advanced from the South to cooperate with him. Two engage ments took place at Bombona and Pichincha, in both of which the independents were victorious. The Spanish troops having then capitulated, Bolivar entered Pastos on the 8th of June. Quito had been occupied in his name on the 25th of May. He afterwards repaired to Guyaquil.

Columbia undoubtedly was now independent de facto; and a M. Zea, who had for some time acted as her agent in Europe, determined that the new republic should be

forthwith acknowledged by foreign powers. For this purpose, he pre

sented to the French minister for foreign affairs, and to all the foreign ambassadors at Paris, a very long note, in which he demanded the recognition of Columbia; and, to induce them to make that recognition, stated the intentions of his government. These were in substancethat Columbia would not communicate with governments, which did not on their side recognize her independence; that all commerce, access, abode in the ports and territory of Columbia, would be open and ensured with full liberty, safety, toleration and reciprocity, to all nations whose governments should recognize that of Columbia; that those same ports and territory should remain closed against the subjects of such states as should not recognize that of Columbia; that delays should be established for admission to the ports and territory of Columbia, proportioned to the delay which the proposed recognition should experience; and that measures would be taken by the government of Columbia to prohibit all merchandise coming from countries, the governments of which refused or delayed to recognize it.

This document was, in every respect, an instance of extreme folly; and formed a strong contrast to the prudence of Buenos Ayres, and Chilé, which, though they had been independent for years, had never thought it worth their while to make the demand, on which M. Zea now so boldly insisted. His note produced no recognitions; yet the ports of Columbia continued open.

In Peru, the royalists had retired into the mountainous district southward of Lima, where they mustered a considerable strength.

In April one of their divisions, under Canterac, approached a strong body of San Martin's troop commanded by general Tristan, who was stationed at Ica, in the neighbourhood of Pisco, and, surprising them during the night in their encampment, completely defeated them. This advantage, however, was of no permanent benefit to the cause of the royalists; to defend themselves in the Sierra, seemed to be all that they aimed at. In the beginning of June, general Canterac, was at Huaca with 3,000 men; La Serna (the late viceroy) had 2,000 at Cuzco; and Valdes 1,000 at Arequipa. Besides these, the auxiliaries, under Ramirez, amounted to, it was said, between 3,000 and 4,000 men. Arequipa, and the whole country from Nasca to Cobissa, continued in the possession of the royalists.

They were, however, in a state of disunion among themselves; occasioned by the attempts of Canterac and Valdes, who had been principally active in the deposition of the late viceroy Pezuela, to deprive Ramirez, governor of Arequipa, of the military command which he now held. The independents mustered about 6,000 men in the neighbourhood of Lima, and 3,000 men at Cuença; and with this force, San Martin prepared to expel the Spaniards from the three provinces, which were still in their occupation. That he did not prosecute this object more actively, arose probably from a conviction, that, though La Serna might continue the war, he could never regain possession of the country. Delay, therefore, was of little consequence; for time itself would diminish the numbers, and quench the hopes and the zeal.

of a handful of men, who were without the means of recruiting their strength; and, perhaps, the presence of an enemy, strong enough to command respect, though too weak to be a source of serious danger, was not unfavourable to the continuance of San Martin's present power, and to the plans of future aggrandizement, which he seemed to be meditating. From the moment that he entered Lima, he forgot that he was a servant of Chilé; he acted first as an independent commander, who owed no one any account of his transactions, and then as the effective sovereign of the country, which he pretended to have liberated. He assumed the title of Protector of Peru, and subsequently published a statute by which the prerogatives attached to that title were defined, and a provisional constitution was estabÎished. No legitimate sovereign could desire more ample powers, than those which San Martin here reserved to himself.

"The supreme directing power," says this instrument, " of the free departments of the state of Peru resides now in the protector. His powers emanate from the empire of necessity-from the force of reason-from the exigence of the public good. He is generalissimo of the forces by land and by sea: and it being his principal duty to give freedom to all the towns which compose an integral part of the territory of the state, he shall have the power to augment or to diminish the armed force as he shall think proper: he shall have the power of imposing contributions, of establishing duties, of exacting loans to defray the public charges, on consulting with the council of state: He shall form regulations for