ten boys to stay at the farm permanently. Then any experienced teacher could bring to the farm from fifteen to twenty boys four or five days a week for at least six months in the year. The permanently established boys would care for the live-stock the days the other boys did not come. From my experience this year I think a farm school for Special Class boys could pay transportation expenses when once well established.

This spring I want to double the work of the boys by beginning earlier and by doing more through the summer. I would like to plant an acre of potatoes, a good kitchen garden, raise two hundred chickens and give the boys more work with the horses and cows. If possible I will have several resident boys who will feel added responsibility and prove what I feel to be true that there is a future for mentally defective boys on a farm if they are under careful supervision.

To bring this experiment to its fullest development it is estimated that $500 will be needed: $360 for transportation, $50 for fertilizer, $30 for seed and $30 for incidentals.

BOOKS AND REVIEWS

Vocational Psychology. By H. L. Hollingworth, with a chapter on the vocational aptitudes of women by Leta Stetter Hollingworth. D. Appleton and Company.

Vocational psychology is a subject more discussed than understood. It comes to us from an ancestry of astrology, phrenology, and physiognomy, and seems to still bear with it the supernatural implications of these pseudo sciences.

The right person in the right job is an ideal that has teased the human fancy for a long time, as cutting off at the source discontent and inefficiency. And the hopeful human fancy has gone a step further, believing that if every one were suited to his work, there would be an end of misfits. The methods of vocational psychology are even less clearly understood than its purposes. Mental tests are regarded as the promising field, but so far most of the tests developed have been intellectual, and as Professor Hollingworth says, "I would rather trust my life and limb to a motorman whose feeble memory span is reënforced by a loyal devotion to the comfort of his grandmother, than to a mnemonic prodigy whose chief actuating motive in life is to be a good fellow."

Here is one of the two central problems of vocational psychology-to determine the social virtues as symbolized in a motorman's devotion to his grandmother, with the definiteness of approach which we have to intellectual capacity. On this point Professor Hollingworth gives a number of tables of correlation of various indeterminate traits (on the basis of judgments of associates), with mental tests and academic record.

He finds, for instance, that the coefficient of correlation between refinement and mental tests is .34, and the same between refinement and academic record; between conceit and mental tests the correlation is .54, but between conceit and academic record it is .03, an interesting comment on the vanity stimulated in the course of being tested. The highest correlation between any of the traits considered and academic record is intelligence = .52 although the correlation of intelligence with mental tests is .62. These figures suggest a method of estimating the social virtues if sufficiently high correlations can be found which obviates some of the difficulties of the direct approach.

Professor Hollingworth discusses the other of the two central problemsthe determination of what traits are preeminently required in what jobs, and finds the promise here rather less encouraging. It appears that a domestic worker, an architect, a physician and a journalist require the same social virtues and require all of them. Even in intellectual equipment, each could use to advantage the original abilities of the others, leaving little but technical training to differentiate the work. On page 97

appears the requirements for a given woman's position which would fit such diverse people as a waitress, stenographer, milliner, mother, doctor, saleswoman, insurance agent and clinical psychologist. The author meets this difficulty from a different angle. He makes five classifications of types of work, from the unskilled labor under supervision for mental incompetents, through the "blind alley" employment for dull normals, and the specialized work for specialized persons to the two types which he says are the lone task of vocational psychology. The first of these requires no unusual aptitude, and is the kind of work done by small tradesmen, agents, conductors, cashiers, cooks and so on, but it does require in high degree those indeterminate social virtues already discussed. The second type for vocational attention is described as "these occupations adequately performed by and constituting the permanent task of the man and woman of average intelligence."

"Vocational Psychology" presents its subject in its infant state, showing its emergence from guess-work and pointing out the ways it must go. It offers no illusions as to the elimination of misfits nor promises a substitute for effort. But all these points might be expected in a sound book; to the writer's mind it is Professor Hollingworth's chief merit that without belligerency he shows his subject to stand by itself, and though allied to many, to promise a future of independent method and result.

BARBARA SPOFFORD MORGAN.

BOOKS RECEIVED

Stories of Exploration and Discovery. By A. B. Archer. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

Introduction to the Study of English Literature. By W. T. Young. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

EXCHANGES

Education: The Normal School and Rural Education in California Chemistry in its Relation to Industry and Commerce. The Physical Diagnosis of Backward Children. Pupil Self-Government.

The Training School Bulletin: Imitation-Repetition. Training in 1866. The Vineland Spirometer. Some Special Class Cases. Balanced Menus.

American Education: The Learning Process. The Need of More Reality in the Elementary School Curriculum. School Room Suggestions for Geography.

The Educational Exchange: Manual Training Suggestions for March. Primary Language. The Junior High School Program. Alabama Educational Association.

Mental Hygiene: The Wider Field of the Work of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. Underlying Concepts in Mental Hygiene. Unemployment and Personality. The Growth of Provision for the Feeble-Minded in the United States. Organized Work in Mental Hygiene. The Sub-Normal Child.

NOTICES

We are privileged to include among our exchanges, the new magazine, Mental Hygiene, published by the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. We take pleasure in recommending it to our readers who are sure to find it most interesting and helpful.

The unsigned editorial which appeared in the January issue was written by Barbara Spofford Morgan.

INSTITUTE FOR WORKERS WITH CHILDREN Conductor: HENRY W. THURSTON

JUNE 13-JULY 3

THIS

HIS INSTITUTE is for workers with the child handicapped by neglect, truancy, delinquency. The method is round-table discussion under leadership. The program includes such topics as: standards of juvenile normality; studies of juvenile behavior; essentials of good case work; interrelations of family, relief society, court, attendance officer, institution, and probation officer. ¶Admission is by invitation of the conductor, but correspondence is invited. An announcement will be sent on application.

UNGRADED

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OF NEW YORK CITY AT CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE
EDITORIAL OFFICE, 500 PARK AVE., NEW YORK

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Editor

ELISE A. SEYFARTH

Associate Editors

KATHARINE MCGINN

ELIZABETH A. WALSH, on Methods

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FLORENCE M. BULLOCK, on Handwork
EMMY R. TURNER, on Reviews

Business Manager
ROSE M. BRACKEN

For Advertising rates, address: Advertising Manager, 47 Baxter Ave., Elmhurst, N. Y.

VOLUME II

MAY, 1917

CONTENTS

NUMBER 8

PSYCHOPATHIC CHILDREN...

WHAT NEW YORK STATE IS DOING TO MEET THE MENTALLY SICK

.L. Pierce Clark, M.D. 179

Published monthly, excepting July, August and September, at 10 Depot Street, Concord, N. H., by the Ungraded Teachers Association of New York City. Editorial Office, Hall of the Board of Education, 500 Park Avenue, New York City. Subscription, $1.50; single copy, 20 cents. Entered at the Post Office, Concord, N. H., as second-class matter, under the Act of March 3, 1879.