who returning from Troy had mistaken their way into Greece and fettled there, he was defeated with the lofs of three 4ths of his men. On his return to Pontus, however, he made vaft prepara. tions to invade them anew: but, in the mean time, hearing of Sylla's death, he refolved to enter into a 2d war with the Romans. Having induced his fon-in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia, to invade Cappadocia, he entered Paphlagonia at the head of 120,000 foot, 16,000 horse, and 100 chariots arm ed with fcythes. This country readily fubmitted; after which he marched into Bithynia, which alfo fubmitted without oppofition; Alia followed the reft; for thefe countries being oppreffed with taxes, looked upon him as their deliverer. In entering the cities of Afia, he caufed M. Varius, whom Sertorius had fent out of Spain to dif cipline his troops, walk before him with all the enfigns of confular dignity as if he was the chief magiftrate; the king following as one of his attendants. He made feveral cities free; but ac quainted the inhabitants, that they were indebted to Sertorious for their liberty; and thus, by the connivance of that general, many cities revolted from the Romans without knowing that they had done fo. But in the mean time Julius Cælar, being at Rhodes, whither he had gone to study oratory, and hearing what havock the king's offi cers made in the adjacent countries, he collected what troops he could, and falling unexpectedly upon them, drove them quite out of the province of Afia. The Roman fenate, now finding a war unavoidable, appointed Lucullus to manage it. The other conful Cotta, having folicited an em ployment in this war, was fent with a fleet to guard the Propontis and defend Bithynia. Lucullus having raifed one legion in Italy, paffed over with it into Afia where he was joined by four others, two of which, as they had ferved under Fimbria, proved at firft very mutinous and refrac tory; nor were the other two much better, hay ing been immerfed in the Afiatic luxuries. The difciplining of these troops took up a confiderable time, which was prejudicial to the Roman affairs; for almost all the Afiatics were ready to revolt, and Mithridates was making the greateft prepara tions. One of his armies was ordered to march into Cappadocia, under the command of Diophantus Matharus, in order to oppofe Lucullus if he fhould attempt to enter Pontus on that fide; another, commanded by Mithridates in perfon confifted of 150,000 foot, 12,000 horfe, and 100 chariots armed with scythes; a third army, com manded by Marius and Eumachus, two generals of great experience in war, was encamped in the neighbourhood of Heraclea in Pontus.

him Lucullus with the character of quaftor, and Murena with that of prætor. The two legions which Fimbria had commanded were given to Muræna, because Sylla suspected them of an inclination to the faction of Marius, whofe party he was going to crush at Rome. Mithridates in the mean time no fooner returned into Pontus, than he fet about the reduction of those nations which had revolted during the war. He began with the Colchi; who immediately fubmitted, upon condition that Mithridates would give his fon for a king over them. This was complied with; but the old king had thenceforward a jealousy of his fon, and therefore firft imprisoned and then put him to death. Soon after this, the king having made great preparations under pretence of reducing the Bofphori, a warlike nation who had revolted from him, the Romans began to be jealous. Their jealousy was farther increafed by Arche. laus, who fled to them, and affured them that the preparations of Mithridates were not at all defigned against the Bofphori. On hearing this, Muræ. na invaded Pontus without any farther provoca tion. The king put him in mind of the articles of peace concluded with Sylla; but Muræna replied that he knew of no fuch articles; for Sylla had fet nothing down in writing. The Roman general began to plunder the country, without (paring even the treafures or temples of the gods. Having put all to fire and sword on the frontiers of Pontus towards. Cappadocia, he paffed the Halys, and on that fide poffeffed himself of 400 villages without oppofition; for Mithridates was unwilling to commit any hoftilities before the return of an ambassador whom he had fent to Rome to complain of the conduct of Muræna. At laft the ambaffador returned, and with him one Callidius; who, in public affembly, commanded Mu ræna to forbear molefting a friend and ally of the Roman people; but afterwards, calling him afide, he had a private conference with him, in which it is fuppofed, that he encouraged him to purfue the war: and it is certain that Muræna ftill continued to practise the fame hoftilities, and even made an attempt on Sinope, where the king refided and the royal treasures were kept. But as the town was well fortified, he was forced to retire with lofs. In the mean time Mithridates himself tak ing the field, appeared at the head of a powerful army, drove the Romans out of their camp, and forced them with great flaughter to fly over the mountains into Phyrgia; which fudden victory again induced many cities to join Mithridates, and gave him an opportunity once more of driving the Romans out of Cappadocia. In the mean time, Sylla, being created dictator at Rome fent a mef fenger to Murena, charging him in his name not to moleft Mithridates, whom he had honoured with the title of a friend and ally of Rome. Mu ræna therefore abandoned all the places he had feized, and Mithridates again renounced Cappa. docia, giving his own fon as an hoftage of his fi delity. Being then at leifure to purfue his other plans, Mithridates fell upon the Bofphori; and, having fubdued them, appointed Machares one of his fons king of the country. But leading his ar my thence against the Achæans, a people border. ing on the Colchi, and defcended from the Greeks,

(10.) PONTUS, HISTORY OF, TO LUCULLUS'S REPEATED VICTORIES. The beginning of the war proved favourable to Mithridates. Cotta being defired by Lucullus to keep his fleet within the harbour, as being inferior to that of Mithridates, refolved to take the firft opportunity of fighting the king by land, not doubting of an eafy victory. Having for this purpose collected all the forces he could, Cotta difpatched his legate B. Rutilius, with a confiderable body to obferve the motions of the enemy. This commander being met by Marius and Eumachus, an engagement enfued, in which the Ro

mane

countermined, and often engaged them, under ground, letting into the mines bears and other wild beafts, with fwarms of bees, which obliged them to abandon their works, However, the town was at laft obliged to furrender for want of provisions. As for Amifus, Lucullus himself fat down before it: but finding it ftrongly fortified and garrisoned with the flower of the king's troops, the Roman general thought proper to reduce it by famine. Mithridates having recruited his thatter ed army, advanced to Cabire, a city near Amifus. Lucullus, leaving part of the army to continue the fiege, marched to oppofe Mithridates. But the king having drawn his cavalry into a general engagement, defeated them with confiderable lofs, and drove them back to the mountains, through which Lucullus had lately marched to attack him, This check obliged Lucullus to retire to a rifing ground near Cabira, where the enemy could not force him to engage, Here provisions beginning to grow fcarce, Lucullus fent out ftrong parties into Cappadocia. One of thefe parties entirely defeated Taxiles and Diophantes, two of the king's generals. The king, upon this defeat, refolved to retire, not doubting but Lucullus would attack him as foon as his forces returned. This refolution he no fooner imparted to his nobles, than they began privately to fend away their most va luable goods; which being found out by the fol. diers, they took it fo ill that no intelligence had been given them, that they plundered their bags gage, and put those who had the care of it to the Iword. After this they betook themselves to flight, crowding out of the gates in the utmoft confufion. The king haftened to ftop their flight; but he was carried away by the crowd, and in danger of being trampled to death. Having with diffiulty made his efcape, he retired with a small retinue, first to Cabira, and then to his fon-in-law Tigranes king of Armenia Lucullus difpatched part of his cavalry to purfue the fugitives; while he bimfelf, with the reft, invefted the camp of Mithridates, where those remained who could not fly. The camp was easily taken; but most of the foldiers made their escape while the Romans were bufied in plundering. Lucullus then purfued hard after the king; who, being overtaken by a company of Galatians, caufed a mule loaded with part of his treasures to be driven in among them, by which means he made his escape while they quarrelled about the booty. Mithridates, remembering in his flight, that he had left his fifters, wives, and concubines at Pharnacia, difpatched an eunuch, named Bacchides, with orders to put them all to death, left they fhould fall into the hands of the enemy; which was accordingly done.

(12.) PONTUS, HISTORY OF, TO MITHRIDA TES'S SECOND MASSACRE OF THE ROMANS. After the flight of Mithridates, the Romans no longer met with any oppofition; the king's governors flocking from all parts to fubmit to the conqueror. Among these was the grand-father of Strabo the geographer, whom the king had disobliged by. putting to death his coufin Tibias, and his fon Theophilus. He was a man of fuch credit, that it was no fooner heard that he had abandoned the king's party, than 15 other commanders delivered up to Lucullus the places with which they had

been trufted; and about the fame time Trianos falling in with the king's fleet near the inland of Tenedos, obtained a complete victory, having either taken or funk 60 of the enemy's vefiels. All this time Cotta had been employed without fuccefs in befieging Heraclea. Triarius' foon reduced the town to fuch diftrefs, that a 3d part of the garrifon died of hunger; upon which the go vernor, Conacorix, privately agreed with Triaring to deliver one of the gates to him. This was ac cordingly done; and the Roman, entering, made a terrible flaughter of the helplefs inhabitants. But Cotta, provoked at feeing himself deprived both of the booty, and the honour of reducing the place, fell upon his countrymen as they were bufied in plundering; which would have occafi oned much bloodthed, had not Triarius promifed to divide the booty equally. Conacorix, to con ceal his treachery, after marching out of Heracles, feized on two forts belonging to the Romans and Triarius being fent to recover them, Cotta in his abfence, plundered the city anew, rifled. the temples which the other had fpared, put all the citizens he met with to the fword, and having carried off every thing valuable, at laft fet fire to the city in feveral places, by which it was foo reduced to afhes. Cotta then difmiffed the auxi liaries, refigned his legions to Lucullus, and put to fea himself to return to Rome. But he had fcarce got out of the harbour, when part of hi fhips, being overloaded with the fpoils of the city, funk; and the others were, by a violent north wind, dafhed againft the fhore, which occafioned the lofs of a great part of the booty. However, on his return to Rome he was highly applauded by the fenate, and honoured with the title of Ponticus. Lucullus, having now reduced Pontus marched againft the Chaldeans, Tiberanians, and inhabitants of Armenia Minor; who voluntarily fubmitted to him, and delivered up all their ftrong holds. From Armenia he returned before Ami fus, which ftill held out; Callimachus, 'governor of the place, having haraffed the Romans to fuch degree by engines of his own contriving, that they had given over their affaults, and contented them." felves with blocking it up by land, though the gar rifon was plentifully fupplied with provifions by fea Lucullus, on his arrival, fummoned the city to furrender, offering the inhabitants very honourable terms; but, being refufed, he made a general af fault at the time when he knew that Callimachus used to draw off great part of his troops to give them refpite. The Romans applying their fcaling ladders, got over the wall before Callima chus could come to the affiftance of those whom he had left to guard it; however, by fetting the city on fire, he in that confufion made his efcape. At laft the fire was extinguished by a violent thower; and Lucullus, having with difficulty reftrain ed his foldiers from farther exceffes, repaired the city, and fuffered the inhabitants to enjoy their poffeffions in peace. Nothing was now wanting but the captivity of Mithridates to put a period to the war; and therefore Lucullus demanded him from his fon-in-law Tigranes. But though that prince could not be perfuaded to fee Mithridates on account of his mifconduct, he could as little be induced to deliver him up to his enemies. Af

ter

against the king, whofe army was three times his number; and hearing that very day of the approach of Lucullus, refolved to make a bold push, and next morning by day-break attacked the kingin his camp. The king putting himself at the head of a few of his guards, fuftained the brunt of the Romans, till the rest of his army came to his relief, and attacked the enemy with fuch fury, that the Roman foot were forced to give way and were driven into a morafs, where they were furrounded, and great numbers of them cut in pieces. Their horfe were likewife put to flight, and purfued with great flaughter, till a Roman centurion in the king's fervice, pitying his countrymen, attempted to kill him. The king's life was faved by his breaft-plate; but as he received a deep wound in the thigh, he was obliged to give over the purfuit himself, and thofe that were about him caufed the retreat to be founded, which, as it was unexpected, occafioned a great confufion in the whole army. The centurion was immediately cut in pieces; but the Roman horfe in the mean time, getting the start of the enemy, found means to make their escape. Above 7c00 of the Romans were killed in that battle; and among them 150 centurions and 24 tribunes, the greatest number of officers that had been loft in any engagement to that day. Mithridates being cured of his wound, that he might not for the future be exposed to fuch dangers, caufed all the Romans that ferved in his army to be formed into one body, as if they had been to be sent out on a party, and then ordered them to retire to their tents, where they were all to a man cut in pieces.

ter this refufal, however, he for the first time con defcended to fee his father-in-law, after he had refided 20 months in his dominions. In a private conference between the two kings, it was agreed, that Tigranes fhould march against the Romans, and Mithridates with 10,000 horfe return into Pontus, where he should make what levies he could, and rejoin Tigranes, before Lucullus, who was then befieging Sinope, could enter Armenia. Bat Sinope having furrendered, Lucullus marched rapidly against Tigranes, and, having drawn him into a general engagement, gave him an entire defeat, as is related under the article ARMENIA, 4. Mithridates was marching to his affiftance, when be met him flying with a small retinue to fhelter bimfelf in fome remote corner of the kingdom. He encouraged him to raise new forces, and Tigranes agreeing, orders were iffued out for raifing a new army, and all the Armenians able to bear arms fummoned to meet. Out of thefe Mithridates chofe 70,000 foot and 35,000 horfe; and having trained them up during winter, after the Roman difcipline, in fpring he left part of them with Tigranes, and marched himself with the reft to Pontus, where he recovered many important places, and overcame, in a pitched battle, M. Fabius, whom Lucullus had appointed governor of that province. Flushed with this fuccefs, as koon as the wounds he had received fuffered him to move, he pursued Fabius, and befieged him in Cabira, whither he had retired; but Triarius, who was marching to join Lucullus, hearing what dif trefs the Romans were in, haftened to their relief, and appearing unexpectedly on the neighbouring fall, ftruck fuch terror into the enemy, that they ralfed the fiege, and made the beft of their way to Cappadocia. Triarius pursued them, and got to sear them as to be parted only by a river. Here e halted, intending to pass the river after he had allowed his men fome rest. But Mithridates, caffing the river on a bridge, where he had placed afrong guard, attacked the Romans before they bad time to refresh themselves. The battle was bloody, and the event doubtful, till the bridge breaking down with the weight of the multitude, the king's troops began to lofe courage, feeing they could receive no further affiftance; and the Romans charging them with fresh vigour, they Bed. After this engagement, both armies retired to their winter quarters. During the winter Mithridates raised new forces; and having received confiderable fupplies from Tigranes, took the field rly in Spring, in hopes of driving the Romans quite out of Pontus, before Lucullus could come to their affiftance. With this view, he marched zaint Triarius and Sornatius, to whom Lucullus had committed the defence of that province; and finding them encamped near the city of Gaziurfa, Fered them battle; which they declining, he fent frong detachment to befiege a caftle where the Romans had left all their baggage. Triarius was fill for keeping clofe in his camp till the arrival of Lucullus, but the foldiers hearing that the cafle was befieged, declared in a tumultuous manner, that if he did not lead them they would march to the relief of the place without his leave. Triatius bung thus forced to fight, drew out his forces VOL. XVHR PART h

(13.) PONTUS, HISTORY OF, TO MITHRIDA TES'S TOTAL DEFEAT BY POMPEY. The king elated with fuccefs, ftill would not engage Lu cullus; but with long marches haftened into Armenia Minor, and encamped upon a hill near the town of Talura, expecting Tigranes, who was advancing with a strong army, to join him. Lucullus, in purfuit of Mithridates, marched over the field of battle, leaving thofe unburied who had fallen in the engagement, which alienated the minds of the foldiery from him, and they began to be very mutinous: being ftirred up by Appius Claudius, whom Lucullus had turned out of his command for his vile behaviour, notwithstanding he was nearly related to him, Lucullus having married his fifter. The difcontent that prevailed in the army came to fuch a height, that Lucullus was obliged to lie ftill in his camp all that fummer; the foldiers, declaring that they would not any longer ferve under a general who refufed to fhare the booty with them. Thefe complaints, and the general difcontents that reigned in the army, obliged the fenate to recal Lucullus, and appoint Manius Acilius Glabrio, conful that year, in his room. Glabrio arriving in Bithynia gave notice by public criers to all the cities, that the fenate had difcharged Lucullus and his army, and confifcated his goods for protracting the war, and refufing to comply with their injunctions. Hereupon Lucullus was abandoned by the greater part of his army, and forced to retire into Galatia, not being in a condition to make head against the joint forces of the two kings; who laying hold of T

that