8. Bastard. Henderson argues against the above-quoted (No. 6) supposition of Charles Etienne's (which is supported by Cotgrave's Vin miellé, honied wine, bastard, Metheglin, sweet wine), and adopts Venner's account (Via Recta ad Vitam Longam), that Bastard is in virtue somewhat like to muskadell, and may also in stead thereof be used; it is in goodness so much inferiour to muskadell, as the same is to malmsey." It took its name, Henderson thinks, from the grape of which it was made, probably a bastard species of muscadine. "One of the varieties of vines now cultivated in the Alto Douro, and also in Madeira, is called bastardo, and the must which it yields is of a sweetish quality. Of the Bastard wine there were two sorts,— white and brown (brown and white bastard, Measure for Measure, Act iii. sc. 2), both of them, according to Markham's report, "fat and strong; the tawny or brown kind being the sweetest." In The Libelle of Englysch Polycye, A.D. 1436 (Wright's Political Songs, v. 2, p. 160), wyne bastarde' is put among the commodyetees of Spayne. 9. Tire, if not of Syrian growth, was probably a Calabrian or Sicilian wine, manufactured from the species of grape called tirio. Tyre, vinum Tyrense, ex Tyro insula. Withals. 66 39 10. Ozey. Though this is placed among the "commodities of Portugal' in some verses inserted in the first volume of Hackluyt's Voyages, p. 188Her land hath wine, osey, waxe, and grain,-yet, says Henderson, a passage in Valois' Description of France, p. 12, seems to prove, beyond dispute, that oseye was an Alsatian wine; Auxois or Osay being, in old times, the name constantly used for Alsace. If this conjecture is well-founded, we may presume that oseye was a luscious-sweet, or straw-wine, similar to that which is still made in that province. That it was a rich, high-flavoured liquor is sufficiently shown by a receipt for imitating it, which may be seen in Markham (English Housewife, 1683, p, 115), and we learn from Bacci (p. 350) that the wines which Alsace then furnished in great profusion to England as well as different parts of the continent, were of that description. In the 'Bataille des Vins' we find the 'Vin d'Aussai' associated with the growths of the Moselle." Osey is one 'Of the commoditees of Portingalle,' Libelle, p. 163. 11. Torrentyne of Ebrew. Is this from Tarentum, Tarragon, or Toledo? Whence in Ebrew land did our forefathers import wine? Mr G. Grove says, "I should at first say that Torrentyne referred to the wine from some wady (Vulgate, torrens) in which peculiarly rich grapes grew, like the wady of Eschcol or of Sorek; but I don't remember any special valley being thus distinguished as 'The Torrent above all others, and the vineyards are usually on hill-sides, not in vallies." 12. Greke Malevesyn, "The best dessert wines were made from the Malvasia grape; and Candia, where it was chiefly cultivated, for a long time retained the monopoly," says Henderson. He quotes Martin Leake to explain the name. Monemvasia is a small fortified town in the bay of Epidaurus Limera. "It was anciently a promontory called Minoa, but is now an island connected with the coast of Laconia by a bridge. The name of Monemvasia, derived from the circumstances of its position (uóvn ¿μßaoía, single entrance), was corrupted by the Italians to Malvasia; and the place being celebrated for the fine wines produced in the neighbourhood, Malvasia changed to Malvoisie in French, and Malmsey in English came to be applied to many of the rich wines of the Archipelago, Greece, and other countries." (Researches in Greece, p. 197.) Maulmsey, vinum creticum, vel creteum. Withals. 13. Caprik may have been a wine from the island of Capri, or Cyprus. 14. Clarey. See above under Pyment, and the elaborate recipe for making it, in Household Ordinances, p. 473, under the heading "Medicina optima et experta pro Stomacho et pro Capite in Antiquo hominem." Claret Wine, vinum sanguineum subrubrum, vel rubellum. Withals. "The seconde wine is pure Claret, of a cleare Iacent, or Yelow choler; this wine doth greatly norish and warme the body, and it is an holsome wine with meate." Bullein, fol. xj. 1. 122. Spice; 1. 171. Spicery. Of "The commoditees and nycetees of Venicyans and Florentynes," the author of the Libelle says, p. 171, The grete galees of Venees and Florence Be wel ladene wyth thynges of complacence, Wyth swete wynes, alle maners of cheffare, Apes, and japes, and marmusettes taylede, Nifles, trifles, that litelle have availede, And thynges wyth which they fetely blere oure eye, 1. 123. Turnsole. Newton's Herbal, plate 49, gives Yellow Turnsole G(erarde), the Colouring Turnsole P(arkinson). 1. 123. Tornesole. Achillea tormentosa, A.S. Solwherf. This wort hath with it some wonderful divine qualities, that is, that its blossoms turn themselves according to the course of the sun, so that the blossoms when the sun is setting close themselves, and again when he upgoeth, they open and spread themselves.' Leechdoms, ed. Cockayne, v. 1, p. 155. 1. 123, 141. Granes are probably what are now called "Granes of Paradise," small pungent seeds brought from the East Indies, much resembling Cardamum seeds in appearance, but in properties approaching nearer to Pepper. See Lewis's Materia Medica, p. 298; in North. H. Book. 1. 131-2. I cannot identify these three sorts of Ginger, though Gerarde says: "Ginger groweth in Spaine, Barbary, in the Canary Islands, and the Azores," p. 6. Only two sorts of Ginger are mentioned in Parkinson's Herbal, p. 1613. Ginger grows in China, and is cultivated there.' Strother's Harman, 1727, v. 1, p. 101. 1. 141. Peper. "Pepir blake" is one of the commoditees of the Januays (or Genoese). Libelle, p. 172. 1. 177. In his chapter Of Prunes and Damysens, Andrew Borde says, Syxe or seuen Damysens eaten before dyner, be good to prouoke a mannes appe tyde; they doth mollyfie the bely, and be abstersyue. the skynne and the stones must be ablated and cast away, and not vsed. Regyment, N. i. b. 1. 178. Ale. See the praise of the unparalleled liquor called Ale, Metheglin, &c., in Iohn Taylor's Drink and Welcome, 1637. In his Regiment, A. Borde says, "Ale is made of malte and water; and they the whiche do put any other thynge to ale than is rehersed, except yest, barme, or goddes good,* doth sophysticall there ale. Ale for an Englysshe man is a naturall drynke. Ale muste haue these properties, it must be fresshe and cleare, it muste not be ropy, nor smoky, nor it muste haue no werte nor tayle. Ale shulde not be dronke under .v. dayes olde. Newe Ale is vnholsome for all men. And sowre ale, and dead ale, and ale the whiche doth stande a tylte, is good for no man. Barly malte maketh better Ale than Oten malte or any other corne doth: it doth ingendre grose humours: but it maketh a man stronge. Beere is made of malte, of hoppes, and water. It is a naturall drynke for a doche man. And nowe of late dayes [1557 ?] it is moche vsed in England to the detryment of many Englysshe men; specyally it kylleth them the whiche be troubled with the Colycke and the stone, and the strayne coylyon; for the drynke is a cold drynke. Yet it doth make a man fatte, and doth inflate the belly, as it doth appere by the doche mennes faces and belyes." A. Borde, Regyment, fol. G. ii. 1. 194. Neck-towel. The neck-towelles of the pantrey, ewerye, confectionarye, comters, hangers, liggers, and all that is the Kinges stuffe. H. Ord. p. 85. 1. 201. Salts. Other two groomes in this office [of Panetry] to help serve the hall, or other lordes, in absence of the yoman, and to cutte trenchours, to make saltes, &c. H. Ord., p. 71. 1. 213. Raynes. Towelles of raygnes, towelles of worke, and of playne clothe. H. Ord., pp. 72, 84. 1. 237. The Surnape. In the Articles ordained by King Henry VII. for the Regulation of his Household, 31 Dec., 1494, are the following directions, p. 119. As for the Sewer and Usher, and laying of the Surnape. The sewer shall lay the surnape on the board-end whereas the bread and salte standeth, and lay forth the end of the same surnape and towell; then the usher should fasten his rodd in the foresaid surnape and towell, and soe drawing it downe the board, doeing his reverence afore the Kinge till it passe the board-end a good way, and there the sewer kneeling at the end of the board, and the usher at the other, stretching the said surnape and towell, and soe the usher to laie upp the end of the towell well on the boarde, and rise goeing before the Kinge, doeing his reverence to the King on the same side the surnape bee gone uppon, and on that side make an estate with his rodd; and then goeing before the Kinge doeing his reverence, and soe make another estate on the other side of the King, and soe goeing to the boards end againe, kncele downe to amend the towell, that there bee noe wrinkles Halliwell says it means yeast. It cannot do so here. save the estates; and then the usher doeing his due reverence to the King; goeing right before the Kinge with his rodd, the side of the same towell there as the bason shall stand; and doeing his reverence to the Kinge, to goe to the boards end againe; and when the King hath washed, to bee ready with his rodd to putt upp the surnape and meete the sewer against the Kinge, and then the sewer to take it upp. (The French name was Serre-nape.) 1. 253. State. Divers Lords and Astates, p. 155; divers astates and gentils, p. 160. Wardrobe Accounts of King Edward IV. 1. 262. The Pauntry Towells, Purpaynes, Coverpaynes, Chipping-knyffs. Percy or Northumberland Hd. Book, p. 387. 1. 277. Symple Condicions. Compare these modern directions to a serving man: "While waiting at dinner, never be picking your nose, or scratching your head, or any other part of your body; neither blow your nose in the room; if you have a cold, and cannot help doing it, do it on the outside of the door; but do not sound your nose like a trumpet, that all the house may hear when you blow it; still it is better to blow your nose when it requires, than to be picking it and snuffing up the mucus, which is a filthy trick. Do not yawn or gape, or even sneeze, if you can avoid it; and as to hawking and spitting, the name of such a thing is enough to forbid it, without a command. When you are standing behind a person, to be ready to change the plates, &c., do not put your hands on the back of the chair, as it is very improper; though I have seen some not only do so, but even beat a kind of tune upon it with their fingers. Instead of this, stand upright with your hands hanging down or before you, but not folded. Let your demeanour be such as becomes the situation which you are in. Be well dressed, and have light shoes that make no noise, your face and hands well washed, your finger-nails cut short and kept quite clean underneath; have a nail-brush for that purpose, as it is a disgusting thing to see black dirt under the nails. Let the lapels of your coat be buttoned, as they will only be flying in your way." 1825. T. Cosnett. Footman's Directory, p. 97-8. Lord A. Percy's Waiters were changed every quarter. See the lists of them in the Percy Household Book, p 53-4. 1. 280. Lice. See Thomas Phaire's Regiment of Life, The boke of Chyldren, H. h. 5; and A. Borde's Introduction, of the Irishe man, Pediculus other whyle do byte me by the backe, Wherfore dyvers times I make theyr bones cracke. And of the people of Lytle Briten, Although I iag my hosen & my garment round abowt, Yet it is a vantage to pick pendiculus owt. 1. 283. Rosemary is not mentioned among the herbs for the bath; though a poem in praise of the herb says: Moche of this herbe to seeth thu take In water, and a bathe thow make; Hyt schal the make lyzt and joly, And also lykyng and 30wuly. MS. of C. W. Loscombe, Esq., in Reliquiæ Antiquæ, i. 196. 1. 300. Jet. Rogue why Winkest thou, are among R. Holme's Names of Slates, Bk. III. ch. v. p. 265, col. 1. 1. 328. Forks were not introduced into England till Coryat's time. See his Crudities p. 90-1, 4to. London, 1611, on the strange use of the Fork in Italy. "I observ'd a custom in all those Italian Cities and Townes through the which I passed, that is not used in any other country that I saw in my travels, neither do I thinke that any other nation of Christendome doth use it, but only Italy. The Italian and also most Strangers that are comorant in Italy, doe always at their meals use a Little Forke when they cut their meat." Percy's notes, p. 417-18, North. H. Book. 1. 348-9. Fumositees. But to wash the feete in a decoction of Baye leaues, Rosemary, & Fenel, I greatly disalow not: for it turneth away from the head vapours & fumes dimming and ouercasting the mynde. Now the better to represse fumes and propulse vapours from the Brain, it shalbe excellent good after Supper to chaw with the teeth (the mouth being shut) a few graynes of Coriander first stieped in veneiger wherin Maioram hath bin decocted, & then thinly crusted or couered ouer with Sugar. It is scarrce credible what a special commoditye this bringeth to ye memory. No lesse vertuous & soueraign is the confection of Conserue of Quinces. Quinces called Diacidonion, if a prety quantity thereof be likewise taken after meate. For it disperseth fumes, & suffreth not vapours to strike vpwarde. T. Newton, Lemnie's Touchstone, ed. 1581, fol. 126. See note on 1. 105 here. 1. 358. Forced or Farced, a Forced Leg of Mutton, is to stuff or fill it (or any Fowl) with a minced Meat of Beef, Veal, &c., with Herbs and Spices. Farcing is stuffing of any kind of Meats with Herbs or the like; some write it Forsing and Farsing. To Farce is to stuff anything. R. Holme. 1. 378. Brawn. In his chapter on Pygge, Brawne, Bacon, Andrew Borde says of bacon as follows: "Bacon is good for Carters, and plowe men, the which be euer labouryng in the earth or dunge; but & yf they haue the stone, and vse to eate it, they shall synge 'wo be to the pye!' Wherefore I do say that coloppes and egges is as holsome for them as a talowe candell is good for a horse mouth, or a peece of powdred Beefe is good for a blere eyed mare. Yet sensuall appetyde must haue a swynge at all these thynges, notwithstandynge." Regyment, fol. K. iii. b. 1. 382 & 1. 515. Venison. I extract part of Andrewe Borde's chapter on this in his Regyment, fol. K. 4, b. ¶ Of wylde Beastes fleshe. I haue gone rounde about Chrystendome, and ouerthwarte Chrystendome, and a thousande or two and moore myles out of Chrystendome, Yet there is not so moche pleasure for Harte and Hynde, Bucke and Doe, and for Roo-Bucke and Doe, as is in Englande lande: and although the flesshe be dispraysed in physicke, I praye God to sende me parte of the flesshe to eate, physicke notwithstanding.. all physicions (phyon suchons, orig.) sayth |