High-tension Overhead Line with Switch and Connections to Transtormer Wagon (on the right) with Low-tension Cable connecting to

Motor Wagon (on the left).

deep stability flanges. Its total weight is about 4000 kilogrms. (3 9 tons). In addition to the removable stability flanges on the running wheels, it is also provided with extra so called anchorage flanges, the distinguishing feature of which is that the stability of the wagon increases as the pull on the plough haulage cable increases. The additional anchorage flanges are carried from the wagon framework on the movable frame between the

wheels, which is so connected with the cable haulage pulley that the anchorage flanges are forced either perpendicularly or obliquely deeper into the ground as the pull on the haulage cable increases, thereby obtaining a firmer hold on the soil. These flanges have the great advantage that by their use the movement or tilting of the anchorage wagon towards the plough is reduced to a minimum. This is the case because the flanges are

ploughing deep or surface, with or without sub-soil looseners, &c. The advantages of the single winder ploughing system are as follows:

(1) The extremely simple use of the plough set by four men; (2) the great stability of the anchorage wagon; (3) the easy transportability of the separate parts of the plough set; (4) the great surface capacity with a minimum consumption of current; (5) the possibility of a change of speed during the working by means of carefully and conveniently arranged gear-changing apparatus.

Whether preference be given to this single winder or to the double winder ploughing system depends on the particular circumstances, and, consequently, can only be decided by considering the requirements of each particular For this reason it is usual to elicit from the farmer

case.

the attached wire of the single winder system would be in the way, as would be the case, for instance, in potatogathering machines, certain types of plough, &c.; or where, on large estates, importance is attached to obtaining particularly large outputs.

(c) The haulage cable used for both the double winder and single winder systems is of special steel wire (Tiegel steel wire patent) of high tensile strength. The ends of the cable to be attached to the farming implements are provided with fasteners construced so as to prevent the fraying of the wire cable and to prevent its becoming entangled.

In the single winder ploughing system two guide rollers are provided on a bracket arm attached to one side of the ploughing implements, &c., to give support to the looped

by means of an exhaustive questionnaire full details of the estate or farm, such as loeation, condition of soil (clay, sand, light or heavy, stony, roots, &c.), flat or billy and, what grain or vegetables are most cultivated, frequency of ditches, maximum depth of ploughing required, and whether there are other implements to be moved at the same time.

It may be said that even if the single winder system were, on the basis of its lower cost of construction and the cheaper cable network required, to be chosen, the double winder system is preferable where the ground is so loose that the discs of the anchorage wagon cannot find sufficient hold, or where the ground, on the other hand, is so hard and firm that the discs cannot force their way into It is also to be preferred for other field work where

or non-working length of cable, and a special cable guiding carriage (Fig. 13) may, in addition, be supplied for supporting this cable in special cases.

The following particulars of pre-war costs of complete equipments - (a) on the single winder wagon system, (b) on the double winder wagon system-may be of interest. (To be continued).

DR. EDWARD ARDERN, F.I.C., formerly Chief Chemist, has been appointed Consulting Chemist to the Rivers Committee of the Manchester Corporation, and has joined Mr. S. E. Melling, F.I.C., Consulting Chemist to the Salford Corporation, Public Analyst for the County of Chester, &c., in practice as Analytical and Consulting Chemists, at The Cliff, Higher Broughton, Manchester.

THE PART OF THE INDUSTRIAL CHEMIST TOWARD PRODUCING "HIGH COST OF LIVING." By F. P. DUNNINGTON,

Professor of Applied Chemistry, University of Virginia.

THE high and rising prices of our staple products and manufactures occasions much inquiry as to its limits and continuance. It may be that a view of one of the causes of this world-wide result will shed some light upon its nature, and afford valuable information as to its ultimate effects.

The economist advises us that the price of an article will increase with the demand for it, and will be diminished by an enlarged supply. In general, the prices of articles will present to us their relative values, but in the case of gold, which has long been our standard of value, its price is fixed by law at 20.67 dols. for one troy ounce. As to the demand, a small portion of the gold produced is used for jewellery and dentistry, but the remainder passes into circulation as coin, and the demand for this continues uniformly urgent.

Now let us consider the supply of gold. The method of mining gold, which is known as the cyanide p.ocess, was discovered in England about 1895. It is based upon the collection of finely divided gold by a dilute water solution of sodium cyanide. By the use of this process large amounts of gold began then to be obtained from South Africa, soon reaching 100,000,000 dols. annually, which amount almost equalled that heretofore obtained from the whole world. Other countries also made use of this process, multiplying their output, and the United States has thus increased its annual production 150 per cent. The following approximations of the statistics available will more definitely express the facts:

Total Annual Production of Gold.
(Figures in million dollars).

life, the coin must be (relatively) lessened in value, and the prices of all other commodities, &c., will be correapondingly increased. During the past twenty years many products have gradually risen in price, and since the war began the prices of many others have risen very rapidly. If we now review the prices of our staple products, all of which are still produced under usual conditions, we will note that the present average price of each of these is about double that prevailing from 1890 to 1900. Thus consider wheat, corn and hay, meat, milk and eggs, wood, oil and coal, cotton, wool and leather, iron, copper. and tin, silver, zinc and lead, and articles manufactured from them.

(Tin is mined, smelted, and sold in Bauca and in Straits Settlements at (practically) same price in silver coin-the currency of that land—as during the past twenty years). It is true that the peculiar and urgent demands of the war have raised the prices of some of these more than 100 per cent, yet we may well expect when the war is over that prices must in the main settle to a level which will for each be about double what it was in 1895. The supply of our standard, gold, will surely continue without diminution, and eventually the price of all other commodities, properties, and services must correspondingly increase before any settled adjustment can be experienced. However we may be inclined to resist, it seems but logical to promptly accept the results which arise from these present and abiding facts. There is much room to question what raising of prices should be designated as "profiteering" and what is but the natural change toward a settled adjustment of values, so long as gold still stands apart from all else as the one standard.-Manufacturers Record, Baltimore, October 17, 1918.

So

From these figures we note the "outputs" for the years 1880 to 1890 were not far from constant; then began the rapid increase of gold mining; in five years, to an increase of 100 per cent, and in twenty years to 300 per cent. that the world's annual output of gold has increased during twenty years to more than fourfold, and one cause, or surely the main cause, of this increase is the discovery of this cyanide process, a cause which must continue its effects, and therefore whatever the variations, we may look forward to no substantial decrease of this annual 66 output" in the future.

With this remarkable increase in the amount of gold very many other products have also been produced in larger amounts, possibly some 100 per cent, but certainly this increase in gold far surpasses the increase of any other products, and it must be inferred that gold has become therefore relatively of less value. But gold being our standard, if its value be lessened one-half, the prices of most materials must, by this fact, be doubled. In other words, there is but little commercial consumption of gold, most of the "output" is circulated as coin, and if this be multiplied proportionately more than are the staples of

WE were fortunate in being able to secure a number of specimens of dolomite from different countries through the courtesy of R. M. Wilke, of Palo Alto, California. Our parpose in studying these rocks from different places was to determine how widely the so-called dolomites vary from the typical mineral or rock. The typical dolomite, C&CO3, MgCO3, 54'35 per cent CaCO3 and 45'65 per cent MgCO3, possibly never occurs in nature; but one or the other, or both, of the constituents are replaced by various other substances.

1. Dolomite from Ossining, New York. A white crystalline variety, quite compact, as the specific gravity is 2 93. The silica content is rather high.