one thing, and some for another; the Eboes, for, instance, are used for domestic slaves. Mr. Louis Fraser, who I am sorry has not spoken to-night, went several hundred miles up the Niger with the expedition, and seems to have received impressions with the most unbiassed mind-he quite agreed with what said as to the European features being due to mixed blood. I agree with him, also, that black is a rare colour, and that it was not a character of consequence. There is a popular piece of poetry about "fleecy locks and black complexion." No doubt skins do differ, especially in their odour; for I believe all abolitionists know too well to their cost the disgusting odour of the Negro, which prevents their associating with them. With respect to the definition of the word "species," I must leave that to another occasion. I may explain that the present paper was written subsequent to one on classification, which I read at the British Association. Some of these matters, however, will be brought forward again. I have not said that the Negro was a distinct species; I have simply said that, if we are consistent, and carry out recognised principles of zoological classification, he ought to be. That, of course, brings up the whole question "What is species?" and that question is now sub judice. And now a few words as to the discussion that has taken place to night. I have nothing to remark as to the first two speeches. Mr. Dingle said that there was a great responsibility in cutting off a large portion of men from the benefits of civilisation. I am not aware that anything I have brought forward has done I do not admit the fact. He believes in the unlimited fertility of the intermixture of all races of man. I only hope he will examine the evidence that has been brought forward on that subject by the Secretary of our sister society. If he will examine the book of M. Broca, Sur l'Hybridité Humaine, and the work written by the celebrated anthropologist, Dr. Nott, I think he will see that Prichard's views on the subject are no longer held by men of science or by men whose opinions are of any value. Dr. Seemann, will, I think, give him data that will show him that he must not quote Prichard now on the subject. The difficulty of obtaining pure crania is immense. Dr. Nott wrote to Professor Wilson to say that he had the greatest difficulty in procuring him a really genuine Negro skull. Then I am told that I did not give an impartial and fair account of the Negro. I must ask you to judge when you read my paper whether I have done so or not. I have certainly gone over a large amount of evidence, and have been in personal communication with all the Negroes that I could meet. can appeal to my friend Mr. Louis Fraser, to whom I sent a copy of my paper, and who, with Mr. Ashmall, went through it. They wrote to me, expressing their cordial agreement with every particular with a few exceptions, which they indicated in the margin. When therefore, I am told that I have not given an impartial account, I must ask you to bear in mind what has been said about it by men like Mr. Fraser the naturalist, who accompanied the Niger expedition, and Mr. Ashmall, a Liverpool merchant, who has resided

so.

I

eighteen years on the continent, and who is so well able to pronounce an opinion on the subject. Mr. Dingle says that the Negro advances in civilisation in the Confederate States of America. I have admitted it. I have admitted that they have made more progress there than in any other part of the world. I admit that up to the second generation the Negro does improve, and I say that we have to thank the Confederate States for this improvement, which shows the enormous benefit they have received from being taken out of Africa. And with respect to my slight of philanthropists, really those who slight philanthropy are those who do not like to see the Negro in that position in which he is most benefited. I asserted that he was best off in his natural subordination, and that while I wished to improve him the abolitionists wished to keep him in Africa. And with regard to exploded views, really, I must put it to gentlemen who are anthropologists to say which are the exploded theories. I have no fear of the result. With respect to Mr. Bendyshe's interesting remarks, he has gone over a wide field, and he did not hear the whole of my paper. If he had, I think he would have reserved his excellent essay till another occasion. He also touched on the improvement observable in the race of America. But with regard to the Negroes approaching the Indian type that is entirely imagination, and utterly unsupported by facts. Then he asked how we should behave to any higher specimen of anthropoid ape which might be discovered, and I must confess that is a subject I have not thought of. I shall be prepared to do so when we discover such a specimen. He said he would not dispute that the Negro was nearer to the ape than the European. That is my proposition, and I am much obliged to him for his support. Then, as to the best way of civilising the Africans that is a large question, and I hope we may have the advantage of discussing it a future day. Mr. Reade thinks there will be found an anthropoid species between the man and the ape in central Africa. I have nothing to reply to that, although it is a very interesting field of speculation. Mr. Pliny Miles made some remarks, but he had not heard my paper, and I don't know that it is any use to reply to him. He spoke of the Nubians as Negroes.

Mr. P. MILES: No; the Numidians.

Dr. HUNT: The Numidians were certainly not a Negro nation; and he also spoke of the United States of America; I suppose he meant to have said the Federal States. And then with regard to the name of the celebrated Negro engineer, which he forgot-unfortunately it is of very little use for scientific purposes if we forget these data. I think, also, that if Mr. Miles had heard the paper he would have thought it not beneath him to adopt towards it a tone of serious argument instead of flippant banter. With respect to anatomy not being supported by physiology, and the former not being worth a snap of the fingers in a question of this kind, I beg to say that I have not ignored physiology. Mr. Burke, however, did not hear the paper, and therefore necessarily has not understood that portion of it. With respect to antipathy of race I was sorry that my friend, Mr. Blake, brought that forward. I have no antipathy of

race, and I should not encourage it. Mr. Burke tells us that a nobleman will not give his daughter to any one lower in the social grade than herself; but I beg to remind that gentleman that a nobleman's daughter will sometimes run away with a groom-showing that there is no antipathy of race. And now, in conclusion, I will simply read you the propositions I made in my paper, and then you will see exactly what we have gained by what has taken place. The first proposition was this: "That there is as good reason for classifying the Negro as a distinct species from the European as there is for making the ass a distinct species from the zebra; and, if we take intelligence into consideration in classification, there was a far greater difference between the Negro and Anglo-Saxon than between the gorilla and chimpanzee." No speaker has attempted to deny that proposition. Indeed, it relates more nearly to the question of classification than to the Negro. The second proposition was, "That the analogies are far more numerous between the Negro and apes than between the European and apes." I think that this has been universally admitted. I have not heard anything in answer to it; so that there are two propositions gained. Then we come to the third: "That the Negro is inferior intellectually to the European." That has, I think, been carried with scarcely a dissentient voice. The fourth proposition, "That the Negro is more humanised when in subordination to Europeans than under any other circumstances." Now I really was afraid that that would not be carried; at any rate, I thought it would lead to a great deal of discussion; but I have to thank my friend Mr. Dingle and others for their support of it.

Mr. DINGLE: They are free in Sierra Leone.

Dr. HUNT: I say that in Sierra Leone the pure Negro is very much inferior to what he is in the Confederate States of America. In Sierra Leone he will not work, and is not humanised.

Mr. P. MILES: Were we not charged to avoid that as a political subject? Dr. HUNT: The gentleman has admitted all I want, and I am much obliged to him. The fifth proposition is "That the Negro race can only be humanised and civilised by Europeans."

That has not

been established, but as it does not matter whether the Negro is civilised by Europeans or from Asia, it is a proposition which I need not insist upon, although I had my reasons for putting it in the paper. The sixth is "that European civilisation is not suited to the requirements and character of the Negro." That I think particularly applicable to our English institutions, where we see the melancholy exhibition in our colonies on the West Coast. Trial by jury there is a perfect farce, and the sooner that and some other things are done away with the better. We have now completed this discussion. There is no doubt a great deal more to be said on everything that has been brought forward, and all I can say, Mr. Chairman, is that I have simply been anxious that the truth should be elicited. I have also to thank those gentlemen who so kindly came forward at the last meeting and supported my conclusions with the weight of their large experience, and the testimony of their travels.

Mr. BURKE: Allow me to put a question. What is your particular

ethnic reason for singling out the Negro as the subject of this particular discussion, rather than many other races which are some of them inferior and some superior to the Negro?

Dr. HUNT: I shall have much pleasure in answering that question. I stated in my paper that there were about six races below the Negro, and six above him, taking the capacity of the cranium in the Negro as the test. I selected the Negro, because I considered the race to be well defined-taking the Congo Negro as my type; and also because I knew of no subject so involved in mystery, and on which there exists such an enormous amount of misconception as about the African Negro. I thought, therefore, that if I could do away with some of this misconception, and also with some of the cant which has been introduced, not only into public assemblies, but also into scientific meetings, I should be doing a duty to science.

Mr. DINGLE: I submit that that word ought not to have been used. Dr. HUNT: I should be sorry to say anything that would give offence, and, therefore, I withdraw the word "cant," and say that the prevailing erroneous idea respecting the Negro is due to ignorance or want of accurate information on the subject. I thank you for the kind attention with which you have listened to the paper, and I can only hope that my humble effort may be the means of doing some good, and putting the real character of the Negro in its proper light, which will be for his own benefit and for the benefit of society at large.

Mr. MILES: What particular scientific bearing on the question, has the opinion of the individual Dr. Hunt calls an abolitionist on the odour of the Negro's skin?

Mr. G. MCHENRY: Before that question is answered, I want to say something for the historical information of the gentleman who puts it, and who, I believe, is a native of Massachusetts. Massachusetts has never passed a law abolishing the slave trade, and it is pure hypocrisy to mislead John Bull on the subject. Moreover, every Southern State has laws against the African slave trade, and there is not one Northern State that has passed such a law.

Dr. HUNT: I am sorry that Mr. McHenry, who is well qualified to speak on this subject, did not address us before, for he is well known and respected for the great attention he has paid to the subject of the Negro. I believe the remarks he has made are entirely in accordance with the facts of the case.

Mr. PLINY MILES: So far as regards myself they are wrong. I am not a native of Massachusetts, and I am not a Yankee.

The Chairman then declared the discussion ended, and the meeting then adjourned.

DECEMBER 15, 1863.

JAMES HUNT, ESQ., PRESIDENT, IN THE CHAIR.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The following new Fellows were elected: John Lister, Esq., Bayswater; Francis Drake, Esq., Leicester; J. W. Walton, Esq., 21в, Savile Row.

The thanks of the Society were voted to the following gentlemen for donations to the Library and Museum :-Proceedings of the Soc. Antiquaries, London, by the Society; Flint Arrow-heads, by Dr. Royston Fairbank; McHenry's Cotton trade, by the author; Proceedings of the Geologists Association, by the Society; Memoire de la Chevelure, etc., by Dr. Pruner-Bey; Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow, by the Society; Sir C. Nicholson on the Australian Colonies, by Professor Tennant; Memoires de la Société d'Anthropologie, by the Society; Owen on the Aye-aye, by C. Carter Blake; one hundred and nineteen works on Anthropology, by the President of the Society, Dr. James Hunt.

The following papers were then read:

On Crystal Quartz Cutting Instruments of the Ancient Inhabitants of Chanduy (Near Guayaquil in South America). Found by Mr. Spruce. By CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, Esq., Hon. Sec. Royal Geographical Society.

The three ancient cutting instruments of the former inhabitants of Chanduy, at the mouth of the river Guayaquil in South America, (now exhibited) are chips of transparent quartz crystal. One of them is broken.

These crystal lance heads and knives are found all over the country, from the point of Santa Elena to the town of Guayaquil; but it is near the latter place that they occur in greatest abundance, chiefly on certain low mounds, laid bare by the winter rains. A French apothecary, named Reyre, took scores of them to Paris a few years ago.

The present specimens were found by Mr. Spruce near the little town of Chanduy, on the sea shore, in middings, or refuse heaps similar to those in Denmark. These middings consist chiefly of fragments of pottery, and of sea shells of four species, an oyster, a mussel, a cockle, and a large heavy bivalve, beautifully fluted, and with a remarkably thick bevelled edge, called by the inhabitants pié de burro. The latter shell is not now found on the coast near Chanduy.

The formation of the land round Chanduy, is precisely the same as that of the coast of Peru-land recently upraised from the sea-the uppermost strata being shell marl, lower down calcareous grit, but all containing only recent shells.

The point to which I would wish to draw attention, in regard to these quartz crystal cutting instruments, is that the people of this country, when the Spaniards first discovered it, were using bronze