His intercourse with Moreau, and, by with a part of his army, to reinforce roads branching off from this, that he marthal Suwarrow, wherever he could penetrate into the plain across thould be required to do fo. This the mountains. Macdonald, on occafion was now come, and, conthe twenty-fixth, affembling his fequently, as has been mentioned in troops, on the frontiers of Tulcany, the preceeding chapter, general proceeded on his march, diflodging Bellegarde, quitting that country, at the imperialifts from feveral impor- the end of May, with about fourteen int pofts as he advanced, particu- thoufand men, arrived at Milan on larly that of Pontremoli, and, on the the fourth of June. He was then fent thirtieth, had his head-quarters to, by Pavia, to conduct the blockade at Lucca. Meanwhile, Moreau of Alexandria. This reinforceadvanced half way to meet his ment, with fome free corps, from the colleague; and, leaving only his hereditary ftates, enabled the fieldleft wing in the pofition of Coni, marthal to unite about forty thouarrived with his right acrofs the fand fighting men to oppose the maritime Alps at Savona, occupy two French generals. Macdonald, ing with his centre the upper valley after two actions with the impeof the Tanaro. Pufhing on a divi rialifts, on the tenth and the twelfth, fion ftill farther, he occupied, with in one of which he himself was confiderable force, the defile of the pretty feverely wounded, advanced, Bochetta, and other paffes of the on the thirteenth, towards Rheggio, Appenines. All preparatory mea- entered Parma on the fourteenth, lares being taken, Macdonald put from which the duke and all his his army in motion on the family fled on his approach, and on eighth of June, marching himself the fifteenth arrived at Placentia. with the centre toward Modena, Marthal Suwarrow, leaving Wucand the other divifions taking the kaffowich, with a corps of obfervaroad to Fornovio and Rheggio, tion, in the province of Mondovi, and As long as marthal Suwarrow had general Kaim with the brigade of no enemy but Moreau, he could, with Lufignan, to cover, on the fide of the forces he had, continue the war, France, the fiege of Turin, fet out and even act offerifively against the from the city, on the tenth, with army of the enemy. But he had the principal part of his army, frefeen that, when Macdonald amounting to from twenty-five to fhould come to throw his weight thirty thoufand, and placed his headinto the fcales; his fituation would quarters, the fame day, at Afti, be much altered. He had, there from which they were transferred, fore, beforehand, afked for rein- on the twelfth, to Acqui. On the forcements, both at Petersburgh and fifteenth, he fet out with a little Vienna. The firft of thefe courts, more than twenty thousand men, detached to his affiftance eleven of whom two-thirds were Ruffians. thousand men, of the forty-five A dreadful battle enfued, which was thoufand, which it had defined to interrupted only by the night, on ad in Switzerland. The fecond, the feventeenth, eighteenth, and attributing lefs importance to the nineteenth, on both fides of the onqueft of Switzerland than of Trebbia. Macdonald, though iy, ordered general Bellegarde, wounded, followed and diresed VOL. XLI. his his army, which, being thirty thoufand strong, was equal, in numbers, to that of the allies. This battle, or course of battles, terminated to the advantage of marthal Suwarrow. General Macdonald, after lofing more than a third of his army, returned to the fame (pots to which he had fet out. The lofs of the allies, in killed and wounded, was little lefs than that of the enemy. Marshal Suwarrow haftened back, marching his army towards Alexandria, to go to meet Moreau, who had pafled the Appenines, raised the blockade of Tortona, and forced general Bellegarde to retreat behind the Bormida. Moreau, on the approach of the Ruffian commander, retired to Genoa. An event, highly advantageous to the allies, which happened at the fame time with the victories of the Trebbia, completed their triumph, and juftified the hazardous and fingular plan for the campaign, adopted by the chief commander. The neceffary preparations retarded the opening of the trenches, before Turin, till the twelfth, when they were boldly opened at three hundred paces diftant from the covered way. The principal batteries were difmounted; the barracks, magazines, and a great number of buildings, including general Fiorella's own houfe, were fet on fire: water had penetrated into the cafemates, which had been neglected: and anti-republican difpofitions were manifefted by a part of the garrifon, which was compofed wholly of Swifs and Piedmontefe. All thefe circumfiances de termined the commandant to capitulate. The capitulation was figned, on the twentieth, at eleven o'clock at night, and the imperialifts wore put in poffeffion of the gates. Con formably to the capitulation, the garrifon, two thousand seven hundred men, was conducted, on the twenty-fecond, to the frontiers of France, after laying down its arms on the glacis, and giving its parole not to ferve, till exchanged, against the emperor ofGermany and hisallies. About the end of June, the junction of general Bellegarde's corps, the co-operation of general Haddick, in the valley of Aouft and the Novarefe, and the arrival of a fresh body of eleven thousand Ruffians on the Brenta, put marshal Suwarrow in a flate to oppofe ninety thousand men to the fixty thousand of the French, who were, exclufive of the garrifons of Mantua, Tortona, and Alexandria, garrifons which amounted fcarcely to fifteen thou fand men. The advantage, which marshal Suwarrow fought now to derive from his fucceffes, was reduced to two principal objects, that of reconquering Tufcany, and taking the three ftrong places juft mentioned. It had been with ex treme reluctance that the fubjects of the grand duke of Tufcany; at tached to their fovereign, and his mild and equitable adminiftration, fubmitted to the French yoke. A foon as Macdonald had removed himself from the Appenines, many thoufands of the inhabitants of the province of Arezzo, encouraged and directed by Mr. Windham, the voy from England, took up arms favour of their fovereign, and foot amounted to twenty-five thousand men. At the fame time, a Cial pine general, Lahooze, command ing, for France, a corps of Italian in the march of Ancona, togeth with his troops, deferted the cash of the republic, and embraced that of the allies. Uniting with his oug different different bands of infurgents, he reduced, under the power of the allies, the province which he had, till then, defended against them, and proceeded to inveft the capital on the fide towards the fea, blockaded, as already mentioned, by a fleet, Turkifh and Ruffian. In thefe circumfances, Macdonald loft no time in contriving his retreat from Tulcany. The troops could retreat by the Reviera di Levante; but, there was no other means of faving the artilJery, the baggage, and the numesous chefts filled with the fpoil of Italy, than to fend them by fea; a refource which the continual cruiEng of fome Englifh men of war, on the coafts of Tulcany, rendered extremely hazardous. But, as it was the only refource which remained, Macdonald fent all the artillery, baggage, and republican property, which he could collect, to be tranfported to Leghorn. Only afmall part of this could be embarked on board an American veltel, in which many officers of the taff, took their pallage, as well as the civil agents of the republic. The Weffel fet fail on the ninth, and fell, almoft in going out of port, into the hands of the English. On the fame day, the allies made a more important acquifition, which was that of Urbino, the garrifon of which, after faftaining a fire of fome hours, capitulated, and obtained permiffion to return into France, on condition of not ferving, for fix months, against the allies. The preparations of the French for retreat, in all parts of Tufcany, encouraged more and more the infurrection of the inhabitants. Thofe of Florence broke Put on the fifth of July, cut down the trees of liberty, and deftroyed all the other marks of their fubjec tion. The republican garrifon withdrew into the forts, which it quitted the next morning, in order to retreat towards Leghorn. This place it alfo evacuated on capitulation. After the evacuation of Florence, the infurgents of Arezzo, fupported by the imperalifts, and joined on the road by almost all the inhabitants of the country, marched towards the coaft, approached in large bodies the places which the French ftill occupied, and prepared to drive them thence by main force. This was unneceflary; for Macdonald, whofe retreat, by the Corniche, was by this time rendered fafe, and in a good meafure already effected, gave orders, on the feventeenth, for the evacuation, not only of Leg horn, on conditions, but the whole of Tufcany. While the allies were employed in the deliverance of Tuscany, and thereby precluding the French troops, which fill poffeffed, in the territory of the church of Rome, Civita Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, and Fano, from all poffibility of retreat, Macdonald, towards the end of July, accomplithed that of his own army, reduced now to about 13 or 14,000 men; and, in the environs of Genoa, joined Moreau, in which it was loft. By their re-union, ge neral Moreau had a difpofable force of 40 or 50,000 men, who were fpread from the eastern extremity of the ftate of Genoa, as far as Coni, and occupied, in that line, all the defiles of the Appenines. After the evacuation of Naples, by Macdonald, cardinal Ruffo, at the head of the royalift army, confiiting of more than 20,000 men, and fome hundreds of Ruffians, having defeated the republican levies of men, which were oppofed to him, marched a [U 2] gainit gainft the capital, which, on the twentieth of June, furrendered, by capitulation. A few days after, a coalefced army of English, Ruflian, Turkish, Portuguele, and Italian, troops, came into port, animated by the activity, and directed by the talents of admiral Nelfon, and his worthy fecond, captain Trowbridge. To the treaty, which the cardinal had agreed to with the prince of Caraccioli and fome other leaders of the revolution, on equal terms, admiral Nelfon refufed to accede. A body of English, Ruffian, and Portuguese troops, having obtained poffeffion of the caftles of Ovo and Nuovo, on the twenty-fixth, under the command of captain Trowbridge, invefted the cafile of St. Elmo on the twenty-ninth. Seven batteries, armed with cannon of the largest bore, were fucceflively erected, and on the eleventh of July, 30 pieces of ordnance were ready to play on the fort. The batteries of the place being almoft all difmounted, and the works very much thattered, the garrifon demanded to capitulate, on the fame day; and the terms were agreed on and figned on the twelfth. The garrifon, after having laid down their arms, was to be embarked for France, on the condition of not ferving again till an exchange fabuld take place. It was agreed, that the patriots of Naples, compofing a part of the garrifon, thould be given to the allies; and, that the booty, found in the fort, fhould at the fame time be put into their hands, to be reftored to the lawful owners. The king of the Two Sicilies, who had hoifted his flag on board the Fondroyant, the English admiral's fhip, faw alfo his flag waving once more over his capital, and the forts which defended it. The only towns not yet reduced, under his authority, were Capua and Gaeta. Capua furrendered, by capitulation, to commodore Trowbridge, on the twenty-eighth. The French garrifon laid down their arms on the glacis on the twenty-ninth, and marched towards Naples, to be there embarked for France, on the ufual condition of not ferving again, till exchanged, against the allies.The furrender of Capua was, two days after, followed by that of Gaeta, which had only been blockaded, and whofe garrifon of courfe obtained the honours of war, and a free return to France. Girandon, who commanded, at the fame time, the troops fhut up in both places, to the number of more than 2,400 French, figned both ca pitulations, and confented in both to furrender, unconditionally, the revolted Neapolitans, who had taken refuge in Gacta and Capua, or compofed part of their garrisons. It is painful to relate that the court of Naples chofe rather to adhere to the fecond, than the firft capitulation. A fpecial commiffion was appointed, which pronounced fentence of death, without much for mality, on fuch as had taken an active part in the late revolutionary government. A dreadful fcene of executions enfued, or rather a maf facre of the most diftinguifbed among the patriots, in which even fome noble ladies were facrificed to a fpirit of vengeance, and an awa kened thirft of blood. Almost the whole of the late legiflative and executive commiflioners, perifhed by the bands of executioners. Admi ral Nelfon and commodore Trowbridge did not confine their efforts to the refloration of the king of Naples, ples, but extended them to that e papal chair. While the comlore cruized on the coaft of the nan ftate, and blocked up CiVecchia, a part of his fmall y marched towards Rome. has already been mentioned, , after the victory of Trebbia, the retreat of Moreau into the intains, marshal Suwarrow emed himself merely in befieging three ftrong places of Mantua, tona, and Alexandria. From large circumference, which the refs of Alexandria rendered it ellary to enclose, it' was not till fourteenth of July, that the first allel, with the ordinary offenfive defenfive works, was finifhed, that the artillery was placed the batteries. On the twenty, general Gardanne, the comnder, who had regularly defendthe approaches to the body of place, and never cealed to keep a vigorous fire, having exhaufted ammunition, difpatched an officer offer a capitulation, which was hed the fame evening, and purted that the garrifon, amounting , including fick and wounded, 2,400, fhould be made prifoners war, and fent into Germany. the thirtieth, Mantua alfo furdered, by capitulation. The garn was permitted to return to ince, on the condition of their ferving again until they fhould exchanged. It amounted ftill to 100 men, of whom 6,600 only tre French. We fhall here menthe fall of Tortona too, though did not happen till fome time er other important events, and which alfo its fall was occafioned. he fiege of Tortona, which had fome time been interrupted, as recommenced by general Al caini, at the end of July. General Gaft, the commandant, informed of the refult of the dreadful battle of Novi, of which we are presently to give fome general account, made an agreement, on the 23d of Auguft, with the befiegers, to furrender himself on the eleventh of September, if he 'hould not be relieved before that time. Attempts were made by Moreau for relieving Tortona in vain; and the garrifon, agreeably to the capitulation, furrendered to the Auftrians, and fet forward on its road to France. The misfortunes experienced on all fides by the republican armies, under the old directory, had furnifhed to the jacobins, at Paris, both the pretext and the means of overthrowing it. The mixed party, which fucceeded it, having attained the fupreme power, from the defeats of their predeceffors, hoped to maintain it by victories. The difaftrous battle of Trebbia, cotemporary with their elevation, thwarted their hopes, but did not deftroy them. It was attributed, by themselves, and by others, to the negligence or imprudent measures of the former directory. Relying on the popularity which commonly attends newly acquired power, they decreed, with more vigour than ever, requifitions of men, money, horses, provisions, and military ftores. They created a new army of the Alps, and another of the Rhine. And a plan of general attack was formed, as has been feen in the last chapter, on the enemy's line in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Moreau, being deftined to command the army of the Rhine, was fucceeded, in that of Italy, by general Joubert, to whom the directory, which had been revolutionized on the eigh [US] teenth |