the more in awe of them, considering that he was so great a man, and yet was subdued by them.

and the commendable rules and customs of prelates in their colleges, and curates in their parishes, all christian

An Abjuration counterfeited by the Bishops. "In the name of God, Amen. I, John Oldcastle, denounced, detected, and convicted of and upon various articles, savouring both of heresy and error, before the reverend father in Christ and my good lord, Thomas, by the permission of God, lord archbishop of Canterbury, and my lawful and rightful judge in that behalf, expressly grant and confess, that as concerning the estate and power of the most holy father the pope of Rome, of his archbishops, his bishops, and his other prelates, the degrees of the church, and the holy sacraments of the same, specially of the sacraments of the altar, of penance, and other observances besides of our mother holy church, as pilgrimages and pardons; I affirm, (I say) before the said reverend father archbishop and elsewhere, that I being evilly seduced by divers seditious preachers, have grievously erred, and heretically persisted, blasphemously answered, and obstinately rebelled; and therefore I am by the said reverend father, before the reverend fathers in Christ also, the bishops of London, Winchester, and Bangor, lawfully condemned for an heretic.

"Yet, nevertheless, I now remembering myself, and desiring by this mean to avoid that temporal pain which I am worthy to suffer as an heretic, at the assignation of my most excellent Christian prince and liege lord, King Henry V., now by the grace of God most worthy king both of England and of France; minding also to prefer the wholesome determination, sentence, and doctrine of the holy universal church of Rome, before the unwholesome opinions of myself, my teachers, and my followers, I freely, willingly, deliberately, and thoroughly confess, grant, and affirm, that the most holy fathers in Christ, St. Peter the apostle, and his successors bishops of Rome, specially now at this time, my most blessed Lord Pope John, by the permission of God, the three and twentieth pope of that name, who now holdeth Peter's seat (and each of them in their succession) hath full strength and power to be Christ's vicar in earth, and the head of the church militant, and that by the strength of his office he hath full authority and power to rule and govern, bind and loose, save and destroy, accurse and absolve all other Christian men.

"And agreeably still unto this I confess, grant, and affirm all other archbishops, bishops, and prelates in their provinces, dioceses, and parishes (appointed by the said pope of Rome to assist him in his doings or business), by his decrees, canons, or virtue of his office, to have had in times past, to have now at this time, and that they ought to have in time to come, authority and power to rule and govern, bind and loose, accurse and absolve the subjects or people of their aforesaid provinces, dioceses, and parishes, and that their said subjects or people ought of right in all things to obey them. Furthermore, I confess, grant, and affirm, that the said spiritual fathers, as our most holy father the pope, archbishops, bishops, and prelates, have had, have now, and ought to have hereafter, authority and power for the state, order, and governance of their subjects or people, to make laws, decrees, statutes, and constitutions, yea, and to publish, command, and compel their said subjects and people to the observation of them.

"Moreover, I confess, grant, and affirm, that all these aforesaid laws, decrees, statutes, and constitutions, made, published, and commanded according to the form of the spiritual law, all christian people, and every man in himself is straightly bound to observe, and meekly to obey, according to the diversity of the aforesaid powers, as the laws, statutes, canons, and constitutions of our most holy father the pope, incorporated in his decrees, decretals, clementines, codes, charts, rescripts, sextiles, and extravagants over all the world; and as the provincial statutes of archbishops in their provinces, the synodal acts of bishops in their dioceses,

to obey. Over and besides all this, I, John Oldcastle, utterly forsaking and renouncing all the aforesaid errors and heresies, and all other errors and heresies like them, lay my hand here upon this book, or holy gospel of God, and swear, that I will never more from henceforth hold these heresies, nor yet any other like them wittingly. Neither will I give counsel, aid, help, or favour at any time, to them that shall hold, teach, affirm, and maintain the same, as God shall help me, and these holy evangelists.

"And that I will from henceforth faithfully obey and inviolably observe all the holy laws, statutes, canons, and constitutions, of all the popes of Rome, archbishops, bishops, and prelates, which are contained and determined in their holy decrees, decretals, clementines, codes, charts, rescripts, sextiles, sums, papal extravagants, statutes provincial, acts synodal, and other ordinary rules and customs constituted by them, or that shall chance here. after directly to be determined or made. To these, and all such other, will I myself with all power possible apply. Besides all this, the penance which it shall please my said reverend father the lord archbishop of Canterbury hereafter to enjoin me for my sins, I will meekly obey and faithfully fulfil. Finally, all my seducers and false teachers, and all other beside, whom I shall hereafter know suspected of heresy or errors, I shall effectually present, send or cause to be presented unto my said reverend father lord archbishop, or to them who have his authority, so soon as I can conveniently do it, and see that they be corrected to my utmost power."

This abjuration never came to the hands of the Lord Cobham, neither was it compiled by them for that purpose, but only to blear the eyes of the unlearned multitude for a time.

After Lord Cobham had remained in the Tower a certain time, he escaped one night, it is not known by what means, and fled into Wales, where he continued four years.

Sir Roger Acton also was apprehended, condemned and put to death or martyrdom three years and more before the Lord Cobham died. Likewise master John Brown, and John Beverley, the preacher, suffered with him the same kind of death (as some say) in the field of St. Giles, with others, to the number of thirty-six, if the story be

true.

Which was in the month of January, A.D. 1414, after the computation of our English histories. These men, as is said, suffered before Lord Cobham about three years. Some say they were hanged and burnt in St. Giles' field; others that only some of them were hanged and burnt. Polydore, speaking only of their burning, makes no mention of hanging. An English Chronicle records of Sir Roger Acton, that his sentence before the justice was to be drawn through London to Tyburn, and there to be hanged. And when certain days were past (saith the author) a trumpeter of the king's called Thomas Cliff, got grant of the king to take him down, and to bury him.

After the decease or martyrdom of these, who were executed in the month of January, A. D. 1414, in the next month, and in the same year, God took away the great enemy of his word, and rebel to his king, Thomas Arundel archbishop of Canterbury: whose death follow. ing after the execution of these good men, by the marvel. lous stroke of God so suddenly, may seem somewhat to declare their innocency, and that he was also some great procurer of their death, in that God would not suffer him longer to live, striking him immediately with death. But as I did the other before, so this also I refer to the secret judgment of the Lord, who once shall judge all secrets openly.

Henry Chichesly succeeded next in the see of Canterbury, A. D. 1414, and sat five-and-twenty years. Following the steps of his predecessor, he shewed himself no small adversary against the favourers of the truth. In his time there was much trouble and great affliction in the

church. For as the preaching and teaching of the word multiplied and spread abroad daily more and more, so on the contrary side, more vigilant care and straight inquisition increased against the people of God, by reason of which many suffered, and were burned; some for fear fied the country: many were brought for examination, and by infirmity constrained to abjure.

As true piety and sincere preaching of Christ's word began at this time to decay; so idle monkery and vain superstition in place thereof began to increase. For about the same year the king began the foundation of two monasteries, one of the one side of Thames, of Friars Observants, the other on the other side of Thames called Sheen and Zion, dedicated to charter-house-monks, with certain Bridget-nuns or recluses, to the number of sixty, dwelling within the precincts, so that the whole number of these with priests, monks, deacons, and nuns, should equal the number of twelve apostles, and seventy-two disciples. The order of these was according to the description of St. Paul the apostle, Col. i. 24, "Eat not, taste not, touch not," &c. was to eat no flesh, to wear no linen, to touch no money, &c.

About Michaelmas, the same year, the king began his parliament at Leicester. In which parliament the commons put up their bill again, which they had put up before in the eleventh year of Henry IV. that temporalties, disorderly wasted by the men of the church, might be converted and employed to the use of the king, of his earls and knights, and to the relief of the poor people, as is before recited. In fear of which bill lest the king would give thereto any audience (as testifies Robert Fabian and other writers) the prelates put the king in mind to claim his right in France. Whereupon Henry Chichesly archbishop of Canterbury made a long and solemn oration before the king to persuade him to the same, offering to the king in the behalf of the clergy great and noble sums. By which (saith Fabian) the bill was again put off, and the king set his mind for the recovery of the same.

I will now return to other matters of the church.

The History of the Bohemians.

I declared a little before how by the occasion of Queen Anne, who was a Bohemian, and married to King Richard II., the Bohemians coming thereby to the knowledge of Wickliff's books here in England, began first to taste and favour Christ's gospel, till at length by the preaching of John Huss, they increased more and more in knowledge. Insomuch that Pope Alexander V. hearing of it, directs his bull to the archbishop of Swinco, requiring him to look to the matter, and to provide that no person in churches, schools, or other places, should maintain that doctrine, citing also John Huss to appear before him. John Huss in answer, declared that the mandate or bull of the pope was opposed to the manifest examples and doings both of Christ and of his apostles, and prejudicial to the liberty of the gospel, in binding the word of God so as not to have free course. And therefore from this mandate of the pope he appealed to the same pope better advised. But while he was prosecuting his appeal, Pope Alexander died, as is aforesaid.

After him succeeded Pope John XXIII., who sought by all means possible to suppress the Bohemians, beginning to work his malice upon John Huss their preacher, who preaching at Prague, seemed willing to teach the gospel of Christ, rather than the traditions of bishops, and was therefore accused to the pope as a heretic. The bishop committed the whole matter to Cardinal de Columna; who, when he had heard the accusation, appointed a day to John Huss, that he should appear in the court of Rome : which thing once done, Wenceslaus king of the Romans, and of Bohemia, at the request of his wife Sophia, and of the whole nobility of Bohemia, as also at the earnest suit and desire of the town and university of Prague, sent his ambassadors to Rome, to desire the bishop to deliver John Huss from that sentence and judgment: and that if the bishop suspected the kingdom of Bohemia to be infected with any heretical or false doctrine, he should send his ambassadors, who might correct and amend the same, if there were any error or fault in them. And that all

this should be done at the costs and charges of the king of Bohemia; and to promise in his name that he would aid and assist the bishop's legates with all his power and authority, to punish all such as should be taken or found in any erroneous doctrine. John Huss, also, before his appointed day, sent his proctors to the court of Rome, and with most firm and strong reasons proved his innocency. But when the Cardinal de Columna, (to whose will and judgment the whole matter was committed) would not admit any defence or excuse, John Huss' proctors appealed to the high bishop: yet notwithstanding this last refuge did not so prevail with Cardinal de Columna, but that he openly excommunicated John Huss as an obstinate heretic, because he came not at his appointed day to Rome.

However, as his proctors had appealed to the high bishop, they had other judges appointed, as Cardinal Aquileianus and Cardinal Venetus, with others. The judges, after they had deferred the matter for the space of one year and a half, at last returned to the sentence and judgment of Cardinal de Columna, and confirming it, commanded John Huss' proctors that they should leave off defending him any more, for they would suffer it no longer. Upon which, when his proctors would not cease their urgent suit, some of them were cast into prison, and grievously punished, the others leaving their business undone, returned into Bohemia.

The Bohemians, however, little cared for all this, but continuing still, as they grew more in knowledge, so the less they regarded the pope, complaining daily against him and the archbishop for stopping the word of God, and the gospel of Christ to be preached, saying, "That by their indulgences and other practices of the court of Rome, and of the bishop's consistory, they sought their own profit, and not the glory of Jesus Christ; that they took from the sheep of Christ the wool and milk, and did not feed them, either with the word of God, or with good examples. Teaching moreover and affirming, that the commandments of the pope and prelates are not to be obeyed, but so far as they follow the doctrine and life of Christ and of his apostles; and that laymen ought to judge the works of prelates, as Paul judged the works of Peter in correcting him, Gal. ii. Furthermore, they had amongst them certain notes and observations, whereby they might discern how far and wherein they might obey their prelates; they derided also and scorned the pope's jurisdiction, because of the schism that was then in the church, when there were three popes together, one striving against another for the papacy.

After the death of the Archbishop Swinco, one Conrad was appointed by the pope as chief general, this Conrad conferring with the divines and doctors of the university of Prague, required their advice and counsel, what way they should best take to assuage the dissension and discord between the clergy and the people. So a council was devised and holden, where it was decided after this manner.

"1. That all doctors and masters of the university of Prague should be assembled in the court of the archbishop, and in his presence, that every doctor and master should swear, not to hold or maintain any of the forty-five articles of John Wickliff before condemned.

"2. Concerning the seven sacraments of the church, the keys and censures of the church, the manners, rites, ceremonies, customs, and liberties of the church, concerning also the worshipping of reliques and indulgences, the orders and religions of the church, that every one shall swear that he holds, believes, and maintains, and will maintain, as does the church of Rome, and no otherwise, of the which church of Rome the pope is the head, and the college of cardinals is the body who are the true and manifest successors of blessed Št. Peter prince of the apostles, and of the college of the other apostles of Christ.

:

"3. That every one shall swear, that in every catholic matter, belonging to the church, he will stand to the determination of the apostolical see, and that he will obey the prelates in all manner of things, wheresoever the thing, which is purely good, is not forbidden; or that which is mere ill, is not commanded; but is mean and indifferent between both. Which mean or indifferent

thing, yet notwithstanding by circumstances of time, place or person, may be either good or evil.

"4. That every one shall swear and confess by his oath, that the opinions of Wickliff and others, touching the seven sacraments of the church, and other things above notified, being contrary to the church of Rome are false.

"5. That an oath be required of them all, that none of them shall hold, defend, or maintain any of the forty-five articles of John Wickliff aforesaid, or in any other matter catholic, and especially of the seven sacraments and other articles above specified, but only as the church of Rome does, and no otherwise.

"6. That every ordinary in his diocese shall cause the premises, contained in the first, second, third, and fourth articles, to be published in his synods, and by his preachers to the people in the kingdom of Bohemia.

"7. If any clerk, student, or layman shall withstand any of the premises, that the ordinary have authority, if he be convicted thereof, to correct him according to the old laws and canons, and that no man shall defend such a one by any means; for none but the ordinary has power to correct such a man, because the archbishop is chancellor both of the kingdom and university of Prague.

"8. That the songs lately forbidden, being odious, slanderous, and offensive to others' fame, be not sung either in streets, taverns, or any other place.

"9. That Master John Huss shall not preach so long as he shall have no absolution of the court, nor shall hinder the preaching in Prague by his presence; that by this, his obedience in the apostolical see may be known.

"10. That this council appears to be good and reasonable for the putting away of ill report and dissension that is in the kingdom of Bohemia.

"11. If Master John Huss with his accomplices will perform this, which is contained in the four former articles, then we will be ready to say as they would wish us and have us, whenever need shall require, that we do agree with them in matter of faith: otherwise if they will not so do, we in giving this testimony, should lie greatly unto our lord the king and the whole world. And moreover, we will be content to write for them to the court of Rome, and do the best we can for them."

This counsel and devise being considered amongst the heads of the university of Prague, the aforesaid administrator named Conrad, presented it to the king and to the barons of the realm, and also to the senate of Prague. As soon as information of it came to John Huss and his adherents, they likewise drew out other articles in manner and form of a council as follows:

"For the honour of God and the true preaching of his gospel, for the health of the people, and to avoid the sinister and false infamy 'of the kingdom of Bohemia, and of the marquis of Moravia, and of the city and university of Prague, and for the reforming of peace and unity between the clergy and the scholars of the university :

"1. Let the right and just decree of the princes, and of the king's council, be held in force, which between the Lord Archbishop Swinco on the one party, and between the rector and Master John Huss on the other party, was made, proclaimed, sealed, and solemnly on both parts received and allowed in the court of our sovereign lord the king.

"2. That the kingdom of Bohemia remain in its former rites, liberties, and common customs, as other kingdoms and lands; that is, in all approbations, condemnations, and other acts concerning the holy mother universal church.

"3. That Master John Huss (against whom the aforesaid Lord Swinco could object no crime before the council) may be present in the congregation of the clergy, and there whoever will object to him either heresy or error, let him object, binding himself to suffer the like pain, if he do not prove it.

"4. If no man will set himself on the contrary part against him, then let the command be made by our sovereign lord the king through all his cities, and likewise let it be ordained and proclaimed through all vil

lages and towns, that Master John Huss is ready to render account of his faith, and therefore if any will object to him any heresy or error, let him write his name in the chancery of the lord archbishop, and bring forth his proofs openly before both the parties.

5. If none such shall be found to object, or who will write his name, then let him be called for, who rumoured in the pope's court, that in the kingdom of Bohemia, in the city of Prague, and in the marquisdom of Moravia there were many whose hearts are infected with heresy and error, that they may prove who they are, and if they are not able to prove it, let them be punished.

"6. That commands be directed to doctors of divinity and of the canon law, and to the chapter of cathedral churches, and that it be required of them all and of every one particularly, that they will bring forth his name, if they know any such to be an heretic or erroneous, and if they deny to know any such, then let them make recognition thereof, before the public notary, confirming the same with their seals.

"7. These things thus done and premised, then that our sovereign lord the king, and also that the archbishop will give commandment under pain, that no man shall call one another heretic or erroneous, unless he will stand to the proof of that heresy or error.

"8. That our sovereign lord the king, with the consent of his barons, will then levy a subsidy, or collect of the clergy, and direct an honest ambassy to the pope's court, with which ambassadors let those persons go at their own proper charges or expenses for their purgation, who have caused this kingdom to be falsely and grievously defamed in the apostolic court.

"9. In the mean time for the presence of Master John Huss, no interdict ought to be made, as it was made of late contrary to the order and determination of our holy mother church."

As this matter was thus in altercation between the two parties, the one objecting, the other answering, it happened by the occasion of Ladislaus king of Naples, who had besieged the pope's towns and territories, that Pope John raising up war against Ladislaus, give full remission of sins to all them which would war on his side to defend the church. When this bull of the pope's indulgence was come to Prague, and there published, the King Wenceslaus, who then favoured that pope, gave command that no man should attempt anything against the pope's indulgences. But Huss with his followers, not able to abide the impiety of those pardons, began to speak against them; of which company were three certain artificers, who, hearing the priest preaching these indulgences, openly spoke against them, and called the pope antichrist, who would set up the cross to fight against his fellow christians. For this they were brought before the senate, and committed to prison; but the people joining together in arms, came to the magistrates, requiring them to be let loose. The magistrates with gentle words and fair promises satisfied the people, so that every man returning home to his own house, the tumult was assuaged; but the captains being in prison were there beheaded, whose names were John, Martin, and Stascon. The death and martyrdom of these three being known to the people, they took the bodies of them that were slain, and with great solemnity brought them to the church of Bethlehem. And so their bodies were sumptuously interred in the church of Bethlehem, John Huss, preaching at the funeral, much commending them for their constancy, and blessing God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who had hid the way of his truth from the prudent of this world, and had revealed it to the simple lay people and inferior priests, who chose rather to please God than men.

Thus the city of Prague was divided. The prelates with the greatest part of the clergy, and most of the barons, who had anything to lose, did hold with the pope, especially Steven Paletz, being the chiefest doer on that side. On the contrary part the commons with part of the clergy and students of the university, went with John Huss. Wenceslaus the king, fearing lest this would grow to a tumult, being moved by the doctors,

and prelates, and council of his barons, thought best to remove John Huss out of the city, who had been excommunicated before by the pope. And further to end this dissension in the church, he committed the matter to the doctors and the clergy. They, consulting together among themselves, set forth a decree, ratified and confirmed by the sentence of the king, containing the sum of eighteen articles, for the maintenance of the pope and of the see of Rome, against the doctrine of Wickliff and John Huss. John Huss, thus departing out of Prague, went to his country, where, being protected by the lord of the soil, he continued preaching there, to whom resorted a great concourse of people, neither yet was he so expelled out of Prague, but that sometimes he resorted to his church at Bethlehem, and there also preached unto the people.

Against the decree of the doctors John Huss, with his company, replied, and answered to their articles with contrary articles, as follow:

The Objections of John Huss, and of his party against the Decree of the Doctors.

"1. The foundation of the doctors, upon which they found all their writings and counsels, is false, which foundation is, that part of the clergy in the kingdom of Bohemia is pestilent and erroneous, and holds falsely of the sacraments.

"2. The doctors hereby do defame the kingdom of Bohemia, and do raise up new discords.

"3. Let them show, therefore, those persons of the clergy, whom they call pestilent, and so let them verify their report, binding themselves to suffer the like pain if they be not able to prove it.

4. It is false what they say of the pope and his cardinals as the true and manifest successors of Peter and of the apostles, and that no other successors of Peter and of the apostles can be found upon the earth besides them, when no man knows whether he is worthy of hatred or of favour, and all bishops and priests are successors of Peter and of the apostles.

"5. Not the pope, but Christ only is the head; and not the cardinals, but all Christ's faithful people are the body of the catholic church, as all holy scripture and decrees of the holy fathers testify and affirm.

"6. And as touching the pope, if he be a reprobate, it is plain that he is no head,-no, nor member even of the holy church of God, but of the devil, and of his synagogue.

7. The clergy of the gospellers agreeing with the saying of St. Austin which they allege, and according to the sanctions of the fathers, and determinations of the holy mother church, say and affirm laudably, that the condemnation and prohibition of the forty-five articles is unlawful, and unjust, and rashly done; and that not only because the doctors, but also all bishops and archbishops, in such great causes, namely, touching faith, as these articles do, have no authority at all.

"8. The second cause of the discord, which they allege, also is most false; seeing the faith of all Christendom, concerning the church of Rome, is divided in three parts by reason of three popes, which now together do reign; and the fourth part is neutral. Neither is it true, that we ought to stand in all things to the determination of the pope, and of the cardinals, but so far as they agree with the holy scripture of the Old and New Testament.

9. In the fourth article they run into dotage, and are contrary to themselves; because they dotishly reprehended the gospellers, who, in all their doings, receive the holy scripture (which is the law of God, the way of truth and life) for their judge and measure; and afterward they themselves allege the scripture, Deut. xvii. where all judges, both popes and cardinals, are taught to judge and discern between leper and leper, and in every ecclesiastical cause, only after the rule of God's law. And so are they contrary to their second article, wherein they say, that in every catholic matter we must run to the pope, which is contrary to the foolish condemnation of the articles aforesaid.

"10. Consequently, like idiots, they most falsely allege for their purpose the canon, under the name and authority of Jerome, where they do apply the words of Jerome most impertinently to the pope of Rome, which he writes to St. Austin, calling him a most blessed pope.

11. By which place of Jerome it is manifest that the first article of those doctors is false. For by these words it appears that other besides the bishop of Rome and his cardinals are called blessed popes, holding the faith and seat of Peter, and are successors of the apostles, as was Austin and other holy bishops.

12. It follows moreover, that the church of Rome is not that place where the Lord appointed the principal see of his whole church; for Christ, who was the head priest of all, first sat in Jerusalem, and Peter sat first in Antioch, and afterwards in Rome. Also other popes sat some in Bononia, some at Perusium, some at Avignon.

13. The prelates are falsifiers of the holy scriptures and canons, and therefore are worthy to be punished, who affirm and say, that we must obey the pope in all things, because it is known that many popes have erred, and one pope was also a woman; to whom not only it was not lawful to give obedience, but also unlawful to communicate with them.

"14. Their sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh articles are grounded upon untrue and false persuasions, and therefore are to be rejected and detested, seeing they induce not to peace and verity, but to dissension and falsity.

"15. It is manifest also to the laity, that this dissension among the clergy rises for no other cause, but only for the preaching of the gospel, which reprehends such simoniacs and heretics in the church of God as haunt the court of Rome, spreading out their branches abroad into all the world, who deserved to be removed and extirpated, not only by the clergy gospellers, but also by the secular power. And so these three vices, to wit, simony, luxury, and avarice (which is idolatry), are the causes of all this dissension among the clergy in the kingdom of Bohemia. These three vices being removed, peace and unity would soon be restored in the clergy.

"16. Moreover, their last article is too gross, and not only is without all law, but also without all colour of law; whereas they fondly and childishly argue thus, that the processes made against Master John Huss ought to be obeyed, because forsooth the common sort of the clergy of Prague have received them. By the same reason they may argue also, that we must obey the devil, for our first parents Adam and Eve obeyed him. Also our ancestors before us were pagans, wherefore we must obey them, and be pagans also.

"17. But let this frivolous opinion go: this is certain truth, that the processes made against Master John Huss, are by law null and void; for they were obtained, drawn, wrought, and executed contrary to the commission of the pope, against the determination of the holy mother church.

"18. Finally, whoever wittingly and obstinately defends and executes the said process made, are all to be counted as blasphemers, excommunicate, and heretics."

To these objections of John Huss the doctors again answered in a long tedious process; the scope of which principally tended to defend the principality of the pope, and to maintain his obedience above all other potentates in the world, affirming and contending, that although Christ is the head alone of the whole multitude of them that are sleeping in purgatory, and which are labouring in the church militant, and which are resting in heaven, yet this hinders not, but the pope is head of the church here militant, that is, of all the faithful, which here in this world live under his office, &c.

Thus then Master John Huss being driven out of Prague by these doctors, and moreover being so excommunicated that no mass must be said where he was present, the people began mightily to grudge and to cry out against the prelates and other popish priests, who were the