the battle of Nashville a gold medal was pre- | sented to him by the state of Tennessee. From June, 1865, to March, 1867, he was in command of the military division (afterward the department) of the Tennessee, his headquarters being at Nashville and Louisville. He was subsequently assigned to the command of the third military district, comprising Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, and next to that of the Cumberland; and in 1868, having declined the brevet rank of lieutenant general, on the ground that he had since the war done nothing to entitle him to such promotion, he was placed in command of the fourth military division, comprising the territory on the Pacific coast, including Alaska, respecting which he made a valuable report. THOMAS, Isaiah, an American printer, born in Boston in 1749, died in Worcester, April 4, 1831. He commenced business as a printer in Newburyport in 1767. In 1770 he removed to Boston and established the "Massachusetts Spy," in which he attacked with great boldness the oppressive measures of the British government toward the colonies; and Gov. Hutchinson vainly endeavored to procure his indictment. In 1775 he took an active part in the skirmish at Lexington, and on May 3 commenced issuing his paper from Worcester. In 1788 he opened a bookstore in Boston, and soon after established branches of his business in various parts of the United States, while continuing to reside in Worcester. In 1791 he printed an edition of the Bible in folio, and subsequently issued numerous editions of smaller size. For many years most of the school books of the country were printed and published by him. In 1810 he published his "History of Printing in America" (2 vols. 8vo). The American antiquarian society of Worcester was founded through his efforts in 1812, and liberally endowed by him. Thomas (Th'om) and the Greek Didymus, de- THOMASIUS. I. Christian, a German philosopher, born in Leipsic in January, 1655, died in Halle, Sept. 23, 1728. He was educated by his father, the rector of the celebrated ThomasTHOMAS, Joseph, an American author, born schule, and from 1675 to 1679 studied at Frankin Cayuga co., N. Y., about 1811. He was fort-on-the-Oder. Returning to Leipsic in educated at the Rensselaer institute, Troy, and 1679, he undertook a course of lectures at the at Yale college, was for some time professor university, and in 1687 he began to lecture of Latin and Greek in Haverford college, Pa., in the German instead of the Latin language. took the degree of M. D. in Philadelphia, and From 1688 to 1690 he issued a monthly series settled there as a physician. In 1857-'8 he of papers devoted chiefly to current literature. was in India studying oriental languages. He Persecution finally forced him to flee from is the author of the system of pronouncing Leipsic, and he went to Berlin, where he was geographical names in "Baldwin's Pronoun- kindly received by the elector Frederick III., cing Gazetteer" (Philadelphia, 1845), of the afterward King Frederick I. of Prussia. He geographical and biographical vocabularies in subsequently delivered lectures at Halle, and several editions of Webster's Dictionary, and his success induced the elector in 1694 to found of "Travels in Egypt and Palestine" (1853). the university of Halle, of which in 1710 With Thomas Baldwin he edited "A New and Thomasius became rector and dean of the facComplete Gazetteer of the United States" ulty of jurisprudence. It was principally by (1854), and "Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazet- his exertions that trials for witchcraft and torteer of the World" (1855; new ed., 1866); ture were abolished in Germany. His most and he edited alone a "Comprehensive Medi- important works are: Historie der Weiscal Dictionary" (1864), and a "Universal Pro- heit und Thorheit (Halle, 1693), and Vernouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythol-nünftige und christliche, aber nicht scheinogy" (2 vols. large 8vo, 1870-'71). THOMAS, Saint, also called Didymus, one of the twelve apostles. Both names, the Hebrew heilige Gedanken und Erinnerungen über allerhand auserlesene, gemischte philosophische und juristische Händel (3 vols., 1723-'6). His life has been written by Luden (Christian Thoma- | ing lime and in ship building. About 140,000 sius nach seinen Schicksalen und Schriften, casks of lime are produced annually. There Berlin, 1805), and by Wagner (1872). II. Gott- are a few other manufactories, two national fried, a German theologian, a descendant of the banks, a savings bank, a fire insurance compreceding, born in 1802, died in 1875. He was pany, and six churches. Thomaston was ina Lutheran pastor and teacher in Nuremberg corporated in 1777, and included until 1848 from 1829 to 1842, and for the rest of his life Rockland and South Thomaston. professor of dogmatics at Erlangen. He was one of the founders of the Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche. His works include, besides treatises on the Lutheran church, Origines: ein Beitrag zur Dogmengeschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts (1837); Beiträge zur kirchlichen Christologie (1845); and Christi Person und Werk (3 vols., 1856-'64). THOMPSON, a S. E. central county of Dakota, recently formed and not included in the census of 1870; area, about 925 sq. m. It is intersected by the Dakota or James river and its N. fork. The surface is rolling prairie. THOMPSON, Augustus Charles, an American clergyman, born in Goshen, Conn., April 30, 1812. He was educated at Yale college, at the theological seminary at East Windsor Hill, Conn., and at the university of Berlin. Since 1842 he has been pastor of the Eliot Congregational church, Roxbury, Mass. In 1854-'5 he accompanied the Rev. Dr. Anderson as a deputation to the missions of the American board in India. He has published "Songs in the Night" (Boston, 1845); "The Lambs Fed," which has been translated into the Mahratta language; "The Young Martyrs;" "Last Hours, or Words and Acts of the Dying" (1851); "The Poor Widow, a Memorial of Mrs. Anna F. Waters" (1854; translated into Tamil); "The Better Land" (1855); "The Yoke in Youth, a Memorial of H. M. Hill" (1856); "Gathered Lilies, or Little Children in Heaven" (1858); "Feeding the Lambs" (1859); "Morning Hours in Patmos" (1860); "Lyra Cœlestis" (1863); "The Mercy Seat" (1863); "Seeds and Sheaves" (1868); and "Christus Consolator" (1869). THOMASSIN, Louis de, a French theologian, born in Aix, Provence, Aug. 28, 1619, died in Paris, Dec. 24, 1695. He studied in the college of Marseilles, became a member of the French Oratory, was appointed to the chair of philosophy in the college of Pézenas, where he adopted Platonic principles, and taught dogmatic theology for six years at Saumur. From 1654 to 1667 he was professor of dogma in the seminary of St. Magloire, Paris, also delivering lectures on church history and discipline. He seemed at first to favor the opinions of the Jansenists, but soon declared against them. In 1667 he published Dissertationes in Concilia Generalia et Particularia, in which he taught that to the pope alone belongs the right of assembling general councils; that these councils are not in themselves necessary; that in all matters of discipline and government the authority of the pope is superior to that of a general council; that the question of papal infallibility should never be discussed, but that it was "sufficient to hold that the pope is greater than himself when at the head of a council, and a council inferior to itself when separated from the pope." These opinions aroused the hostility of the parliament and of the Gallican por-elist, born in Charlestown, Mass., Oct. 1, 1795, tion of the clergy, and the regent suppressed the work. His most important works are: Mémoires sur la grâce (3 vols. 8vo, 1668; 2 vols. 4to, 1682); Ancienne et nouvelle discipline de l'Eglise touchant les bénéfices et les bénéficiers (3 vols. fol., 1678-'9; translated into Latin by the author, 1688, 1728); Dogmata Theologica (3 vols. fol., 1680-'89; 6 vols., 1864'9); Traité de l'unité de l'Eglise et des moyens que les princes chrétiens ont employés pour y faire rentrer ceux qui en étaient séparés (16868); and Traité des édits et autres moyens spirituels et temporels dont on s'est servi dans tous les temps pour établir et pour maintenir l'unité de l'Église catholique (3 vols. 4to, 1703). THOMASTON, & town of Knox co., Maine, adjoining Rockland, on the Knox and Lincoln railroad, 60 m. E. N. E. of Portland; pop. in 1870, 3,092. The state prison is situated here, and extensive granite quarries in the neighborhood are worked by convict labor, which is also employed in the manufacture of boots, shoes, and carriages. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in manufacturing and export THOMPSON, A. Wordsworth. See supplement. THOMPSON, Benjamin. See RUMFORD. THOMPSON, Cephas G., Jerome, and Cephas. See supplement. THOMPSON, Daniel Pierce, an American nov died in Montpelier, Vt., June 6, 1868. He was THOMPSON, Elizabeth, an English painter, born in London about 1850. In 1874 she acquired great fame by her "Roll Call," relating to the Crimean war, which was purchased by the queen. In the summer of 1875 she exhibited another military picture, and at the close of the same year, on her return from Italy, a "Vintage Sketch in Tuscany." THOMPSON, Sir Henry, an English surgeon, born at Framlingham, Suffolk, Aug. 6, 1820. He was educated at University college, London, became assistant surgeon of the college hospital in 1853, surgeon in 1863, and professor of clinical surgery in 1866, and was knighted in 1867. He has published "The Pathology and Treatment of Stricture of the Urethra (London, 1853; 3d ed., 1869); "The Enlarged Prostate, its Pathology and Treatment" (1857; 2d ed., including the Jacksonian prize essay of the royal college of surgeons for 1860, 1861; 3d ed., 1868); "Practical Lithotomy and Lithotrity" (1863; 2d ed., 1871); and "Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Urinary Organs" (1868; 2d ed., 1870). | Geology" (1869); "Theology of Christ, from THOMPSON, Launt, an American sculptor, born in Queen's county, Ireland, in 1833. He came to the United States at an early age with his mother, a widow, who settled in Albany, N. Y. While studying in the medical college he also attended a drawing school, and was encouraged in his taste for art by William Hart and E. D. Palmer. When the latter opened a studio for sculpture in Albany, Thompson became his pupil, and remained with him nine years, making himself known by his ideal head of "Little Nell," which he twice copied to fill orders, and by his busts and medallion portraits. In 1858 he settled in New York, and was elected an associate of the national academy of design. In 1859 his bust of the "Trapper" secured his election as an academician, and he soon after became a member of the council; and he also served on the committee for the erection of the new building of the academy. He now (1876) resides in Florence, Italy. Among Mr. Thompson's principal works are a statue of Gen. John Sedgwick, erected at West Point; a colossal statue of Napoleon, now owned by Mr. Pinchot of Milford, Pa.; a statue of Gen. Winfield Scott, erected at the soldiers' home near Washington; a soldiers' monument at Pittsfield, Mass.; a statue of the Rev. Abraham Pierson, first president of Yale college, erected in the college grounds; and many busts and bass-reliefs. THOMPSON, Joseph Parrish, an American clergyman, born in Philadelphia, Aug. 7, 1819. He graduated at Yale college in 1838, studied theology at Andover and New Haven, and was ordained pastor of the Chapel street Congregational church, New Haven, in November, 1840. From 1845 to 1872 he was minister of the Broadway Tabernacle church in New York. While at New Haven he was one of the originators of the "New Englander," a Congregational quarterly review, and he was also one of the founders of the "Independent" newspaper. In 1852 he originated the plan of the Albany Congregationalist convention. He was also a manager of the American THOMPSON, Thomas Perronet, an English poCongregational union, and of the American litical reformer, born in Hull, March 15, 1783, home missionary society. In 1852 he visited died Sept. 6, 1869. In 1803 he entered the Palestine, Mt. Sinai, Egypt, and other oriental navy as midshipman, and in 1806 went into countries; and he has since devoted much time the army as second lieutenant. In 1808 he to oriental studies, especially Egyptology, the was made governor of Sierra Leone. One of results of which have appeared in his contri- his first acts was to issue a proclamation for butions to the "North American Review," the the suppression of the slave trade in the col"Bibliotheca Sacra," the "Journal of the ony; and the opposition raised against him by American Geographical and Statistical Soci- the slave traders caused his recall. He arety," Smith's "Dictionary of Biblical Geog- rived in England in 1810, returned to the raphy and Antiquities," and the revised edi- army, and served in the peninsular campaign tion of Kitto's "Cyclopædia of Biblical Liter- of 1813, in France in 1814, and afterward in ature." Harvard university conferred upon the Pindaree campaign in India. In 1819, him the degree of D. D. in 1856. He now having learned Arabic, he accompanied Sir (1876) resides in Berlin. Dr. Thompson has William Keir Grant in the expedition up the published "Memoir of Timothy Dwight" (New Persian gulf, and assisted in the negotiation of Haven, 1844); "Lectures to Young Men" (New the treaty with the Arab tribes, by which the York, 1846); "Hints to Employers" (1847); slave trade was declared piracy. In 1854 he "Memoir of David Hale " (1850); "Foster on was made major general. In 1814 he pubMissions, with a Preliminary Essay" (1850); lished a work entitled "On a Constitution." Stray Meditations" (1852; revised ed. en- He was one of the contributors to the "Westtitled "The Believer's Refuge," 1857); "The minster Review " on its establishment in 1824, Invaluable Possession (1856); "Egypt, Past and five years afterward became joint proand Present" (Boston, 1856); "The Early prietor, writing for it constantly till 1836. Witnesses" (1857); "Memoir of Rev. David His "Corn Law Catechism" (1827) was the T. Stoddard" (New York, 1858); "The Chris-most effective attack upon the protectionist tian Graces" (1859); "The College as a Religious Institution" (1859); "Love and Penalty" (1860); "Bryant Gray" (1863); "Christianity and Emancipation" (1863); "The Holy Comforter (1866); "Man in Genesis and 786 46 VOL. XV.-46 system. He was several times elected to parliament. A selection from his miscellaneous writings was published (6 vols., 1842). THOMPSON, Waddy, an American lawyer, born at Pickensville, S. C., Sept. 8, 1798, died in Tallahassee, Fla., Nov. 23, 1868. He graduated | at the South Carolina college in 1814, and was admitted to the bar in 1819. He was a member of the legislature from 1826 to 1830, when he became solicitor of the western circuit. | During the nullification excitement he was elected by the legislature brigadier general of militia (1835). From 1835 to 1841 he was a member of congress, and was prominent in debate as a leader of the whig party. In 1842 he was appointed minister to Mexico. During his mission, he made two important treaties, and procured the liberation of more than 200 Texan prisoners, many of whom were sent home at his own charge. On his return he published Recollections of Mexico " (8vo, New York, 1846). 66 THOMPSONVILLE, a village in the town of Enfield, Hartford co., Connecticut, 17 m. N. of Hartford; pop. about 3,500. It is on the E. bank of the Connecticut river, and on the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield railroad. It is chiefly noted for its manufacture of carpets, being the seat of the Hartford carpet company's works, which, according to the latest returns, contain 297 looms and produce 2,600,000 yards annually. THOMS, William John, an English antiquary, born in Westminster, Nov. 16, 1803. He was for some years clerk of printed papers in the house of lords, and in 1862 was appointed sublibrarian of that house. His first separate publication was "A Collection of early Prose Romances" (3 vols., 1828). This was followed by " Lays and Legends of Various Nations" (1834); "Book of the Court" (1838); "Three Notelets on Shakespeare" (1865); and "Hannah Lightfoot, Queen Charlotte, and the Chevalier d'Eon" (1867). He has also edited "Anecdotes and Traditions" (1839), "Stow's Survey of London" (1842), and "Caxton's Reynard the Fox" (1844). His reputation rests principally on the establishment of the periodical "Notes and Queries." THOMSON. I. Anthony Todd, a British physician, born in Edinburgh, Jan. 7, 1778, died at Ealing, Middlesex, July 3, 1849. He was educated at the high school of Edinburgh, studied medicine, in 1798 became a member of the speculative society, and in 1799 of the royal medical society, and in 1800 settled in London as a general practitioner. In 1826 he became a member of the royal college of physicians, in 1828 professor of materia medica in London university, now University college, and in 1832 professor of medical jurisprudence. His works include "The London Dispensatory" (8vo, 1811), and "Elements of Materia Medica" (8vo, 1832), both many times reprinted. II. Katherine Byerly, an English authoress, wife of the preceding, born in Etruria, Staffordshire, in 1800, died in Dover, Dec. 17, 1862. She published "Memoirs of the Court of Henry VIII." (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1826); "Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, and of the Court of Queen Anne" (2 vols., 1839); "Me moirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745" (3 vols., 1845); "Memoirs of the Viscountess Sundon," &c. (2 vols., 1847); "Recollections of Literary Characters and Celebrated Places" (2 vols., 1853); "Court Secrets" (3 vols., 1857); "Life and Times of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham" (3 vols., 1860); and several novels. "Queens of Society" and "Wits and Beaux of Society" were written with her son, John Cockburn Thomson, under the pseudonymes of Grace and Philip Wharton. THOMSON, Charles, an American patriot, born at Maghera, county Derry, Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729, died at Lower Merion, near Philadelphia, Aug. 16, 1824. He came to America at the age of 11, was educated in Maryland, taught a Friends' academy in Philadelphia, and afterward went into business in that city, and was an intimate friend of Franklin. He was secretary of the continental congress throughout its existence (1774–88), and of the first United States house of representatives till his resignation in July, 1789. John Adams called him "the Sam Adams of Philadelphia, the life of the cause of liberty." He was the author of "An Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawanese Indians" (8vo, London, 1759); a translation of the Bible, the first English version of the Septuagint (4 vols. 8vo, 1808); and "A Synopsis of the four Evangelists" (1815). THOMSON, Edward, an American clergyman, born in Portsea, England, in October, 1810, died in Wheeling, W. Va., March 22, 1870. In 1819 his parents settled in Wooster, Ohio. He graduated in medicine at the university of Pennsylvania in 1829, and in 1833 joined the Ohio Methodist Conference. In 1838 he became principal of Norwalk seminary, Ohio, and in 1844 was elected by the general confer ence editor of the "Ladies' Repository." In 1845 he became president of the Ohio Wesleyan university at Delaware, Ohio, and in 1860 was elected editor of the "Christian Advocate and Journal." He was elected bishop in 1864, made an extensive tour of missionary observation in Germany, Scandinavia, Bulgaria, India, and China, and organized the Indian missions into an annual conference. He was a member of every general conference from 1840 to 1864. He published "Educational Essays" (new ed., Cincinnati, 1856); "Moral and Religious Essays" (1856); Biographical and Incidental Sketches (1856); "Letters from Europe," notes of a tour through England, France, and Switzerland (1856); "Letters from India, China, and Turkey " (2 vols., 1870). THOMSON, James, a British poet, born at Ednam, Roxburghshire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1700, died at Kew Lane, near Richmond, Aug. 27, 1748. He was the son of a clergyman, and passed six years at the university of Edinburgh, the last four of which were devoted to theological studies. About 1724 he went to London, and for several months was tutor in the family of Lord Binning. A fragment of 66 ing engineer for water supply, irrigation, and other agricultural engineering. He invented the vortex turbine, and the jet pump and intermittent reservoir, for draining swamp lands. His investigations of the lowering by pressure of the freezing temperature of water suggested the perfect solution of the problem of glaciers. About 40 papers by him on physics, mathematics, and mechanics have been published in the Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal," the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal," the "Transactions" of the royal societies of London and Edinburgh, the "Proceedings" of the British association, and the "Transactions" of the institution of engineers of Scotland. II. Sir William, a British mathematician, brother of the preceding, born in Belfast in June, 1824. He studied in Glasgow university, and afterward at Cambridge, where he graduated in 1845, and became a fellow of St. Peter's. In 1846 he was made professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow university, which post he still holds (1876). For seven years he was editor of the "Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal," among his contributions to which was one on "Distribution of Electricity on Spherical Conductors" (1848). In 1855 he delivered the Bakerian lecture on "Electrodynamic Properties of Metals." He has constructed several beautiful instruments for the study of electrical phenomena, and is at present engaged in perfecting a tide-calculating machine. He invented the mirror galvanometer and syphon recorder, for ocean tele blank verse, written by him at the age of 14, was first published in a life of the poet by Allan Cunningham in 1841. He published in March, 1726, his blank verse poem of "Winter," for the copyright of which he received three guineas, and three editions were called for in a year. In 1727 appeared "Summer," followed by "Britannia" and a "Poem sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton;" in 1728, "Spring;" and in 1730, "The Seasons," completed by the addition of "Autumn," in a 4to volume, of which 454 copies were subscribed for at a guinea each. In 1729 he produced "Sophonisba," a tragedy, acted with moderate success at Drury Lane. In 1731-2 he travelled on the continent as tutor of the son of Sir Charles Talbot, afterward lord chancellor, and on his return to England commenced an elaborate poem on "Liberty" (5 parts, 1735-'6). It was abridged by Lord Lyttelton in collecting the author's works for publication, and in that condition it still appears. He had meanwhile been placed in easy circumstances by the appointment of secretary of briefs in the court of chancery, bestowed upon him by Lord Talbot. After the death of the chancellor in 1737 he lost the place, but received from the prince of Wales a pension of £100 a year. He now produced successively his dramas "Agamemnon" (1738), which narrowly escaped being damned on the first night, and "Edward and Eleanora," the representation of which was prohibited under the operation of the act for licensing dramatic performances; the masque of "Alfred," written in conjunction with Mal-graphy, which, owing to their extreme delilet, which contains the celebrated song and chorus, "Rule Britannia," set to music by Dr. Arne; and "Tancred and Sigismunda," performed with success at Drury Lane in 1745. About this time he was appointed surveyor general of the Leeward islands, the duties of which were discharged by a deputy, while the clear emoluments amounted to £300 a year; and the latter part of his life was passed in an elegant retreat at Kew Lane. In 1748 appeared "The Castle of Indolence," on which he had labored for many years. His posthumous play of "Coriolanus" was performed at Covent Garden. Thomson was a man of gross appearance and exceedingly indolent disposition. The latest edition of his complete works is in two volumes (London, 1870). THOMSON. I. James, a British civil engineer, born in Belfast about 1816. He was educated in Belfast and Glasgow, where his father was professor of mathematics. He took the master's degree in 1840, studied civil engineering and mechanics, became a pupil in the Horseley iron works, near Tipton, South Staffordshire, entered the service of William Fairbairn, and afterward settled in Belfast as a civil engineer. In 1857 he was appointed professor of civil engineering in Queen's college, Belfast, and in 1872 professor of engineering and mechanics in the university of Glasgow. Prof. Thomson has been prominently employed as a consult | cacy, can be worked by very low battery power. He has made important contributions to the science of magnetism, and investigated the laws of heat. (See HEAT.) He was knighted in 1866. Among his published papers are "Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion," "The Mathematical Theory of Elasticity," and "The Rigidity of the Earth." A volume of his papers on electrostatics and magnetism appeared in 1872. THOMSON, Thomas, a British chemist, born at Crieff, Perthshire, April 12, 1773, died at Kilmun, Argyleshire, July 2, 1852. He was educated at the university of St. Andrews and at Edinburgh, and in 1796 became a contributor to the "Encyclopædia Britannica," his chemical articles in which formed the basis of his "System of Chemistry" (4 vols. 8vo, 1802). He was one of the first to suggest the use of chemical symbols, and among the first to elucidate the atomic theory of Dalton. In 1810 he published the "Elements of Chemistry" (8vo); in 1812, the "History of the Royal Society of London" (4to); and in 1813, "Travels in Sweden," which country he had visited in the previous year. In 1813 he went to London and commenced the "Annals of Philosophy," which he edited till 1822. In 1817 he was chosen lecturer at the university of Glasgow, and in 1818 was made professor of chemistry. His other works are: "An Attempt to Establish |