the Romans seem to have taken for a seed. Many years ago, I found noted in some author that 800,000 pounds of Cochineal were annually brought to Europe, each pound containing at least 70,000 insects. What a slaughter, at this rate, does an officer make before he gets his scarlet coat on! Night. The Scotch pronounce this neeht, with a strong aspiration, after the Saxon from which we have it. The French word nuit may have been sounded formerly more like the original. It is remarkable that the Latin for it, nox, looks like a contraction of non-lux (no light) as our word night does, of the like phrase in English. Had it not been for the night, we should have been even now unacquainted with the extent and splendour of the starry heavens, and of the existence of those numberless worlds with which, through the medium of the light they send us, we are able to hold a kind of intercourse, and feel as it were a degree of affinity and common interest. 1811. Hell. We should not trifle with this word; though it signifies (literally and simply taken) nothing more than a place covered in: which meaning was once so common for the word, as that a slater was called the hellier,' because he helled, or healed, or made whole the house. But let it be noted that in scripture, where a place of torment as well as of confinement is intended by the term, it is 'hellfre: that is to say, the idea of slow destruction by fire is annexed to that of enduring imprisonment. But there are passages in which the grave, or the place of destruction of the body by the ordinary process of putrefaction, seems to be all that is intended. e. g. Thou wilt not leave my soul (or person) in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine holy one to see corruption. Psalm xvi, 10, quoted in Acts ii, 27, where this meaning is clearly fixed. (To be continued.) "The ART. VIII.-Jefferson on Newspapers and Government. From Memoirs of President Jefferson, by Randolph. interposition of the people themselves on the side of Government has had a good effect here [at Paris in 1787]. I am persuaded that the good sense of the people will always be found to be the best army. They may be led astray for a moment, but will soon correct themselves. The people are the only censors of their governors; and even their errors will tend to keep them to the true principles of their institution. To punish these errors too severely, would be to suppress the only safeguard of public liberty. The way to prevent these irregular interpositions of the people is, to give them full information of their affairs through the channel of the public papers.-The basis of our government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a Government without Newspapers, or Newspapers without a Government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter: [to-wit a NEWSPAPERS AND GOVERNMENT 15 Government by the influence of truth and right on public opinion through a free press.]—Every man should receive these papers and be capable of reading them. I am convinced that those societies (as the Indians) which live without government, enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness, than those who live under the European Governments. Amongst the former, public opinion is in the place of Law, and restrains morals as powerfully as laws ever did any where. Amongst the latter, under pretence of governing, they have divided their nations into two classes-wolves and sheep!" Westminster Review. The 'happiness' of the Indian must always be rated with due reference to his degree of intellectual culture, and his nomade habits. For myself, I should not attach to it a very high value. And their 'morals,' however restrained in some things by public opinion (their Common-law) among then, should not stand at much more. Doubtless their code includes the substance of that precept, Thou shalt love thy neighbour and hate [and kill if thou canst] thine enemy' and what says our practice? The conduct of the European Governments, at the time these free thoughts were penned by Jefferson, was flagitious enough-we are now promised better things; to be effected and established by civilized and Christian powers, acting in concert. Let these see to it, then, that they keep their words with the people. Senex. ART. IX.-FABLES, &C., IN VERSE AND PROSE.-CONTINUED. The Bat, the Bramble, and the Sea-gull. Æsop. The Bat entered into a partnership and sea adventure with the Bramble and the Sea-gull; and for Capital employed some money which she had taken up on interest: the Bramble contributed her share to the adventure in Cloth, and the Sea-gull hers in Copper. They had not been long at sea before a terrible storm arose-the vessel was stranded, and the adventurers escaped to shore. Thus impoverished, they continue to seek a livelihood in other ways. The Sea-gull keeps on fishing, in hope to find her copper again somewhere. The Bramble gathers wool from passing strangers, by tearing their fleeces-but the Bat, fearing the bailiffs on account of her debts at home, goes out only in the dusk of the evening and subsists as she can. The Application. This Fable is intended to shew the power of habit-by which persons who have been unsuccessful in any new project are easily induced to return to their former occupations. Let the young tradesman note well, that the borrower is by much the worst off, of the three! The Butterfly on the Wheel. Original. A Butterfly emerging from the chrysalis on a summer's morning, found himself perched on the top of a coach and four, full of passengers within and without. Rejoicing in his new existence, and proud of the agility with which he vaulted from place to place, on his party-coloured wings, he visited in suecession the several parts of the vehicle; the driver, the guard, the horses, and the passengers; and having gratified his curiosity, broke out in the following soliloquy: "This is indeed a grand machine; its inanimate and living parts, (among which latter I am proud to reckon MYSELF,) appear admirably adapted to each other, and calculated to perform a long journey with the utmost ease and expedition. How we all got put so well together, whence we came and whither we are going, is none of my concern; but such is the enjoyment of the scene, that I shall attach myself to it for life." At the close of this soliloquy, which was uttered on the wing, our philosopher alighted on the rim of the wheel: the wheel revolving, instantly crushed him to atoms, and buried him in the dirt; while the coach, the coachman, the guard, the horses, and the passengers, all went on without missing the Butterfly. The Peacock and the Jackdan. The winged tribes were wont to choose Suppose the Eagle, grown our foe, Th' accomplish'd yield before the brave: In great emergencies: 'tis show, And may, or may not have, below, The worth and talents that command Communications may be addressed, FOST PAID, "For the Editor of the Yorkshireman," at the Printer's, Pontefract; at Longman and Co.'s, London; John Baines and Co.'s. Leeds; and W. Alexander's, York. CHARLES ELCOCK, PRINTER, PONTEFRACT. THE YORKSHIREMAN, A RELIGIOUS AND LITERARY JOURNAL BY A FRIEND. PRO PATRIA. No. XXVI. THIRD DAY, 30th SEVENTH Mo, 1833. PRICE 4d ART. I.-A Chronological Summary of events and circumstances connected with the origin and progress of the doctrine and practices of the Quakers. 1657. (Continued from p. 359, vol. 1.) 6 A. D. 'On the 1st of the Month called April' in this year, George Whitehead (whom we have seen discharged from prison by the Protector's order in Council, in October, 1656) preaching at a meeting in the yard or orchard of Joseph Deinsey of Nayland,' Suffolk, is apprehended and by order of John Gurdon (with his son Robert a priest) and another justice, cruelly punished and sent away with a pass towards his parish in Westmorland. The doctrine preached was, by his own account, against sin and wickedness, against the beast and false prophet, and the devil's persecuting power and ministry.' The pretext for the apprehension and punishment, was that he was found vagrant and wandering,-contrary to law,'-the order, to be openly whipped till his body be bloody, as the Law in such case enjoineth' (a)—which was done effectually. He was further threatened, that if he came again into that country he should be branded in the shoulder for a rogue-if the third time, he should be hung. He bore his punishment with Christian courage and meekness, was much the more followed in his ministry on account of it, and preached again in Suffolk within about a year after. (b) At a Yearly Meeting held for three days at John Crook's in Bedfordshire, and attended by many Friends from most parts of the nation,' besides many thousands of people,' we find (a) 22 Hen. VIII. c. 12: 39 Eliz. c. 4. Rees. (b) Whitehead, Chr. Progr. 100-108. Ed. 1725. Besse's Sufferings, vol. 1. p. 663. 1658. VOL. II. D A. D. George Fox again exercising his office of Ruling Elder in the 1658. society. He enters largely, himself, into doctrine in his discourse to the assembled multitude; and gives a charge to Friends in the ministry apart, which was taken in writing by one present,' and may be perused in his Journal. (c) He says (pa. 271) 'It is a weighty thing to be in the work of the ministry of the Lord God, and to go forth in that. It is not as a customary preaching; it is to bring people to the end of all outward preaching. For, when ye have declared the truth to the people and they have received it, and are come into that which ye spake of, the uttering of many words, and long declarations out of the life, may beget them into a form [of profession without the power.] And if any should run on rashly into words again, without the savour of life, those that are come into the thing he spake of will judge him, whereby he may hurt again that which he had raised up before. So, friends, you must all come into the thing that is spoken in the openings of the heavenly life among you, and walk in the love of God; that ye may answer the thing spoken to.' But how do some speak to this thing, now a days? Much in the same way as he would, who having to deliver a discourse on some Rhetorical theme, should begin by stating that a b c &c. are the letters of the alphabet-that a. b. spell ab, a. c. ac, and so of the rest, and thus go through his whole Orthography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody, before he came to the matter proposed to be treated! Surely it is possible, under the influence of the Holy Spirit, to minister to the life in a company of believing persons (who have already received the truth) without all this parade of Elementary doctrine.' See, Peter v, 1–7. In London, after this Meeting, George Fox is engaged in some singular services, 1st, 'A Jesuit who came over with an ambassador from Spain' having challenged all the Quakers to dispute with them [the Jesuits] at the Earl of Newport's house, he takes with him Nicholas Bond and Edward Burroughs, goes to the place appointed and answers the challenge. What The Jesuit affirmed that the Church of Rome was in the virginity and purity of the primitive church '—but denied that her clergy had the Holy Ghost poured out upon them as the Apostles had.' George shewed him how, in many particulars, their church had degenerated from the power and spirit which the primitive Church was in. scripture had they (he asked) for setting up cloisters for nuns, abbeys and monasteries for men; for all their several orders; for their praying by beads and to images; for making crosses; for forbidding of meats and marriage; and for putting people to death for religion.' The scriptures failing him (to which he had agreed to refer the decision) the Jesuit had resource to tradition, calling it the unwritten word.' But he had this point of the validity of tradition also, to make good by scripture, and could not. The 'sacrament of the altar' (c) Journ. Edit. 1765, pa. 266–273. |