um, juxta vetustissimos auctores expositione; (Basil 1525)-Syngramma clarissimorum, qui Halae Suevorum convenerunt, virorum super verbis coenae Domini; Halae Suevor. 1525. 4to.-Jo. Oecolampadii, Antisyngramma; 1526. 8vo.--Luther's Sermon on the sacrament of the body and blood of Christ, against the enthusiasts; (in German,) 1522.—Zwinglii Amica exegesis, seu expositio eucharistiae negotii; 1527.-Luther's, That the words of Christ; This is my body; still stand fast, against the enthusiastic spirits; (in German,) 1527.-Zwingle's Reply; That the words: This is my body, will eternally have their ancient and only meaning; (in German,) 1527. -Luther's Confession respecting the Lord's Supper; (in German,) 1528, &c.

The Augsburg Confession, Art. X. de coena Domini docent, quod corpus et sanguis Christi vere adsint et distribuantur vescentibus in coena Domini, et improbant secus docentes (quod cum pane et vino vere exhibeantur corpus et sanguis Christi vescentibus in coena Domini). SEC. 202. Progress of the controversy after Luther's death.

In the opinion of very many Protestant divines, at the head of whom was Melanchthon, the question in debate, continually sunk in importance.-John Calvin approximated towards the Lutheran tenet; by allowing, that there was a participation of the real body of Christ, in the eucharist; though not with the lips, yet by faith; and he gained over the assent of the divines of Zurich, (A. D. 1549). Yet Joachim Westphal renewed the contest; and gradually, others took part in it; so that the bitterness waxed greater and greater. Calvin's opinion prevailed, in the Palatinate; but Melancthon's school, at Wittenberg, which more and more openly inclined to Calvin's views, was destroyed; and thus the real doctrine of Luther, was set forth in the Formula of Concord, in connexion with the doctrine of the ubiquity of Christ's body, and a condemnation of Calvinism.

Notices. Consensio mutua in re sacramentaria ministrorum Tigurinae ecclesiae et Jo. Calvini; in Calvini Opp. T.

VIII. Petri Martyris Vermillii, de sacramento eucharistiae in schola Oxoniensa tractatio; Tiguri 1552.-Jo. Westphal, Farrago confusanearum et inter se dissidentium opinionum, ex Sacramentariorum libris congesta; Magd.. 1552.-Ejusd. Recta fides de coena Domini; 1553. Ejusd. Collectanea sententiarum Augustini de coena Domini; Ratish. 1555.-Jo. Calvini, Defensio sanae et orthodoxae doctrinae de sacramentis; Genev. 1555 &c.-Exegesis perspicua controversiae de coena Domini; Wittenb. 1574.

SEC. 203. Later history of this doctrine.

The disagreement of the two Protestant churches, as to this doctrine, continued on; and was generally regarded, as very important; and the contests about it, were kept up. In England, Bp. Benjamin Hoadley met with opposition, because he seemed to depreciate the importance of the Lord's supper. The Lutheran doctrine was repeatedly attacked, by members of the Lutheran church: among these, the posthumous work of Heumann excited. most notice, and called forth many confutations. Yet the dexterity with which Ernesti defended the Lutheran views, could not prevent many theologians, of his church, from either abandoning those views, altogether; or so modifying them, as to destroy their essential character; nor could he dissuade all, from estimating the importance of those views, far lower. The Reformed divines, of late, have held more to Zwingle's ideas, than to those of Calvin. Some projects for union, by taking a middle course, have received little attention.

Notices. J. Fr. Buddaei, Recentissimarum de coena Domini controversiarum sylloge ;-in his Miscell. Sacr. T. II. p. 61-88.-Benj. Hoadley's Plain account of the nature and end of the sacrament of the Lord's supper; Lond. 1735.-Chr. Aug. Heumann's Proof, that the doctrine of the Reformed church, respecting the Lord's supper, is the true doctrine; (in Germ.) Eisleben and Wittenb. 1764. 8vo.-J. Aug. Ernesti, Brevis repetitio et assertio sententiae Lutheranae de praesentia corporis et sanquinis J. C. in coena sacra; Lips. 1765. 4to. and

in his Opusc. Theol.-Sketch of a new proof of the interpretation, given to the words of consecration by the Lutheran theologians; (in Germ.) in J. G. Toellner's Miscellaneous papers, Collect. II. p. 173-236.-The belief of St. Paul respecting the Eucharist; (in German--by Holzapfel,) Francf. 1779--(Ejusd.) Confirmation and elucidation of Paul's belief concerning the Eucharist; (in Germ.) Francf. 1780.--J. C. Erbstein, Three tracts on the Eucharist; (in Germ.) Berlin 1780.--Some Theses on the doctrine of the holy supper; (in Germ.) Berlin 1781. Remarks and elucidations on certain theses concerning the holy supper; (in Germ.) by J. Balth. Lüderwald; Helmst. 1783.-The holy supper of Christians; (in Germ.) by Dr. Henr. Stephani; Lanshut 1811. 8vo.

That is my Paschal body, which is distributed among you; or the meat of the covenant. That is my blood of the covenant, which I pour out to you (xxuvousvov).

SEC. 204. The church.

The doctrine concerning the church, was a grand subject of controversy, between the Catholics and the Protestants. The latter rejected the positions, that there is but one church of Christ; from the visible communion of which, no one can separate, without forfeiture of salvation; and that the church is an infallible lawgiver, and judge, in matters of faith and conduct; and that even the belief of christianity, must rest on the authority of the church. They traced the distinction, between the visible church and the invisible; and conceded to the former, merely the right, to regulate the forms of worship and to execute church discipline. They also declared Christ, to be the only sovereign of the church; and the pretensions of the Bishops of Rome, to the primacy, to be mere arrogance. And even in the Catholic church, there was disagreement, as to the extent of the Papal power; and two opposite systems were formed, on the subject, called the ultramontane and the episcopal. The latter was, especially, defended by the French divines; was propagated in Germany, by Justin Febronius; and in later times, has gained a decided ascendency.-Catholics and Protes

tants, moreover, have unitedly maintained, against the fanatical sects, that perfect purity, in its members, is not the sign of a true church; and that the administration of religious ordinances, does not lose its validity, and its efficacy, when performed by a sinful minister. The Kantean philosophy led to a philosophical examination of the idea of a church; and some Catholic literati have attempted, by means of it, to evince the infallibility of the church.

Notices. De potestate et primatu Papae, tractatus; subjoined to the Articles of Smalcald; 1537.-Jo. Musaei, Tractatus de ecclesia; Jenae 1671. 4to.-Edmundi Richerii, De ecclesiastica et politica potestate; Col. 1701. 4to.--Jo. Launoii, Epistolae :-in his Opp. ed. Colon. 1731. V Tomi, Tomo V.-Defensio declarationis, quam de potestate ecclesiastica sanxit Clerus Gallicanus; 1682. a Jac. Benig. Bossuet; Luxemb. 1730. 4to.-Justini Febronii, De statu ecclesiae et legitima potestate Pontificis Romani, Liber singularis; Buillioni (Francf.) 1763– 74. IV Tomi, 4to.-Ejusd. Commentarius in suam retractationem; Francf. ad. Moen. 1781.-Petri Ballerini, De vi et ratione primatus Roman. Pontificum, Liber; Veronae 1776. 4to.-C. F. Stäudlin, On the idea of a church, and church history; (in German,) in the Gotting. theol. Biblioth. vol. I. p. 600.—A Stapfer, De natura, conditore, et incrementis reipublicae ethicae ; Bern 1797. -Religion, revelation, and a. church, investigated by pure reason; (in German,) by Ulr. Peutinger; Salzb. 1795. 8vo. Idea biblica ecclesiae Dei; delineavit Fr. Oberthür, vol. I-IV. 1790-1817. 8vo.-J. F. Kleucker, de J. C. Servatoris hominum, ecclesia et ecclesiis; Kiliae 1817. 4to.

SEC. 205. State of departed souls.

The practical misuses, to which the doctrine of purgatory had been carried, made the Reformers too decided, in their opposition to it; while, on the contrary, the council of Trent confirmed it; together with that of the efficacy of prayers for the dead; though with some warnings against fabulous tales and avaricious views. To the

idea, of the insensibility of the soul, from death till the resurrection, Luther appeared to be not opposed; but when some Anabaptists brought forward that idea, it was contested by John Calvin; and it was rejected, in the English Confession, under Edward VI, in the Swiss Confession of 1566, and in that of Scotland. The Protestants believed, that immediately after death, the soul passes, either into heavenly bliss, or into the torments of hell. Many Socinians were of opinion, that the soul does not recover its consciousness, and its activity, till its reunion with the body; and various others, English writers, accorded with this sentiment. The learned Henry Dodwell, from his ideas of the natural mortality of the soul, of the indispensable necessity of Baptism, and of the exalted privileges enjoyed by the Episcopal church, composed a very singular theory. William Coward taught, that the soul dies with the body, and will first awake along with it. Thomas Burnet revived the notion of the ancient fathers, concerning a middle state; where the righteous. and the wicked have some foretastes of their future conditions, until the general judgment, when they receive fully their punishments and rewards. In Germany, the hypothesis of the soul's insensibility, had some abettors; and even the transmigration of souls, found advocates in G. E. Lessing and J. G. Schlosser; who were able to give, a refined statement of the doctrine.

Notices. An historical view of the controversy concerning an intermediate state, and the separate existence of the soul, between death and the general resurrection, deduced from the beginning of the Protestant reformation to the present times; (by Blackburn,) ed. 2. Lond. 1772. 8vo.-J. Fr. Cotta, Recentiores quaedam controversiae de statu animi post mortem.; Tub. 1758.-Jo. Calvini, Psychopannychia; Aureliae 1534.-William Coward, Second thoughts concerning the human soul; demonstrating the notion of the human soul, as believed to be a spiritual and immortal substance, to be a plain heathenish invention; Lond. 1702.-De statu mortuorum et resurgentium tractatus; auctore Thoma Burnet; Roterd,