Notices. Anthony Collins, Discourse on free-thinking; occasioned by the rise and growth of a sect, called FreeThinkers; Lond. 1713. 8vo. Phileleutheri Lipsiensis (Richard Bentley), Remarks upon a late discourse of freethinking; 1713. (also in French. ed. S. Amst. 1736.8vo.) Theologiae verae christianae Apologia; a Roberto Barclaio; Roterod. 1676. 4to. (also German, 1740. 8vo.) The principles and practices of certain moderate divines abusively called Latitudinarians; III Parts; Lond. 1671. 8vo. (Arthur Bury) Latitudinarius orthodoxus; Lond.

1697. 12mo.

Thomae Burnet, de fide et officiis christianorum, Liber posthumus; Lond. 1727. revised and enlarged, by W. A. Teller; Halle 1786. 8vo. A complete body of divinity, by Thom. Stackhouse; Lond. 1729. (also in German; by Fried. Eberh. Rambach; Rostock. 1755-64. VII vol. 8vo. The far more important works on particular topics, belong to the history of particular doctrines.

Instruction chretienne; par Jaques Vernet, à Geneve. 1754. V tomes. 8vo. (also in German,) Berlin, 1754–55. V Parts, or II vol. 8vo.

SEC. 165. New formation of the Protestant theology. Historians of it. Prize question of the Directors of the Universal Literary Journal, A. D. 1788. (Gebh. Ulr. Brastberger's) Narrative and examination of the principal changes, made in the learned statements of dogmatic theology, among the Protestants of Germany, especially in the second half of the present century; (in German,) Halle, 1790. 8vo. Essay of a historical developement of the causes and occasions, which have produced a new state of protestant dogmatics; (German,) in Stäudlin's Contributions to the philosophy and history of religion, Vol. IV. p. 1-50. Lubeck, 1798. Practical history of theology and religion,in the Protestant church,during the second half of the 18th century; (in German,) by J. Aug. Tittmann. Vol. I. Breslau 1805. 8vo. The illumination of modern divines, in christian theology, from A.D. 1760, to A. D. 1805; (in German; by Fuhrmann,) Vol. I. Lips. 1807. 8vo,

The progress of human science, of biblical criticism and hermeneutics, and of historical theology, and the increased philosophical industry of divines, who cast off the shackles of the church creed, being favored by the increased freedom of the pulpit and the press; led on to a very considerable change in dogmatic theology, which at first, under J. Aug. Ernesti, Dav. Heilmann, and J. Dav. Michaelis, extended only to its form and unessential definitions(A), but soon after, affected the substance itself. W. Abr. Teller. Gotthilf Sam. Steinbart, J. Aug. Eberhard, and J. S. Semler, were especially active, in producing this change(B). They were aided, by the less learned and discreet, Jo.Bernh. Basedow, and Charles Fr. Bahrdt (C); and the German Universal Library (Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek) cooperated powerfully, to bring the old system under ridicule, and open the way for the new views. Against these assaults, however, the established theology found many defenders (D). Without joining either party, altogether, Jo. Christ. Doederlein, and Sam. Fred. Nath. Morus, found their theological treatises receiving much approbation (E). Biblical theology, likewise had its writers(F); and in the popular statement of religious doctrines, Fred. Wilh. Jerusalem stood conspicuous(G).

Notices. A. Jo. Dav. Michaelis, Compendium theologiae dogmat. Gotting. 1760: and in German, Gott. 1784. Jo. Dav. Heilmanni, Compendium theol. dogmat. Gott. 1761, 1774. Ern. Jac. Danovii, Theologiae dogmat. Institutio; Jenae 1772, 1776. Jo. Gottl. Töllner, Miscellaneous papers; (in German,) Francf. on Oder, 176770. II. vol. Ejusd. Theological Inquiries; (in German,) Vol. I. and Vol. II. P. I. Riga 1772-74. (Ejusd. System of Dogmatic theology; (in German,) II. Vol. Nurenb. 1775.)

B. W. A. Teller's Elements of the Christian faith; (in German,) 1764. 8vo. Jo. Fred Gruneri, Institutt. theol. dogmat. Libri III.; Halae 1777. Ejusd. Practical Introduction to the religion of the H. Script. (in German,) Halle 1773. Jo. Aug. Eberhard, New apology of Socrates, and on the salvation of the Heathen; (German,)

Berlin 1772. new ed. 1778. II. vol. 8vo. Godfr. Sam. Steinbart's System of pure philosophy, or the christian doctrine of salvation; (German,) Züllich. 1778. ed. 3. 1786. (J. A. Sict, Examination of the so called System of pure Philosophy; (German,) Altd. and Nurenb. 1779 -80. II Parts. The philosophical Christianity of Counsellor Steinbart, freely investigated, by a practical theologian; (German,) Lips. 1792.) Ejusd. Philosophical conversations, for a fuller elucidation of the doctrine of salvation; (German,) Züll. 1781-86. III Parts. J. S. Semleri, Institutio ad doctrinam christ. liberaliter discendam; Halae 1774. Ejusd. Essay of a more liberal manner of teaching theology; for the elucidation and confirmation of his Latin work; (German,) Halle 1777, 8vo. (J. A. Starck,) Free remarks on Christianity; (Germ.) ed. 2. Berl. 1782. (The Free remarks on Christianity, examined by Tob. Gottf. Hegelmaier; Tub. 1781-82. III Vol. 8vo.) Sam. Mursinna, Compendium theologiae dogmat. Halae 1777.

C. C. F. Bahrdt, Essay of a biblical System of dogmatics; (Germ.) Gotha and Lips. 1769-70. II. Vol. 8vo. -Ejusd. Letters on systematic theology; (Germ.) Erf. 1770. II. vol. 8vo.--Ejusd. Systema theologiae Lutheranae orthodoxum, cum brevi notatione dissentientium. Halae 1785. 8vo.-J. Bernh. Basedow, Philalethia. New views taken of the truths and the religion of reason, as far as the boundaries of credible revelation; (German,) Altona 1764, II. vol. 8vo.-Essay of a candid system of theology, according to private judgments; (German,) Berlin 1766.-Bernherd of Nordalbingden, Legacy for some persons; (German,) Dessau 1774.

D. Jo. Benj. Corpzov, Liber doctrinalis theologiae purioris; Brunsw. 1767.-Chr. W. Fr. Walchii, Breviarum theologiae dogmat. Got. 1775.-Ge. Fred. Seiler, Theologia dogmat. polemica; Erlang. 1774. ed. 3. 1789.--Jo. Pet. Miller, Theol. dogmat. Compendium; Lips. 1785. Eberh. Dan. Stosch, introductio in theol. dogmat. Francf. ad Viadr. 1778. Ejusd. Institutiones theol. dogmat. ibid. 1779. Sam. Endemanni, Institutiones theol. dogmat. Hanov. 1777. II. Vol. 8vo. Ejusd. Compendium theol. dogmat. Francf. 1782. ed. 2. cura J. A. Arnoldi; Han. 1790.

E. Jo Christoph. Doederlein, Institutio theologi christiani in capitibus religionis theoreticis, temporibus nostris accommodata; Altorf. 1780. ed. 6ta 1799. II. Vol. 8vo.— Ejusd. Summa institutionis &c. Norimb. 1782.-Ejusd. Religious Instruction; (German,) Vol. I-IV. and continuation, by G. Ch. Junge. Vol. V-XII. Altorf. and Nurenb. 1785-1803. 8vo.-S. F. N. Mori, Epitome theologiae christianae; Lips. 1789. ed. 4. 1799.-Ejusd. Commentarius exeget. histor. in suam theol. christ. Epitomen; ed. C. A. Hempel, Lips. 1797-98. II. Vol.

8vo. F. Gotth. Traugott Zachariae, Biblical Theology; (in German,) Gott. and Kiel. 1771-75. IV Vol. continued by Vollbroth, ed. 3. 1786. V. Vol. 8vo.-W. Fred. Hufnagel's Manual of biblical theology; (in German,) vol. I. and vol. II. P. I. Erlang. 1785-89.-Chr. F. Ammon's Biblical Theology; (German,) Erlang. 1792. ed. 2. 1801—2. III. Vol. 8vo.-The spirit of original Christianity; (in German,) by J. A. Eberhard; Halle 18078. III. Vol. 8vo.

G. Jo. Fred. W. Jerusalem's Reflections on the principal truths of religion; (in German,) vol. I. Brunsw. 1768. vol. II. P. I—IV. 1772-79. The Parts of continuation, in his posthumous writings; Brunsw. 169293. IV. Vol. 8vo.—Godfr. Less, Theory of the christian religion, or Essay of a practical dogmatic; (in German,) Gotting.1779. also, under the title of Manual, of the theory of Christianity, for people of education; ed. 3. 1789. -J. A. Hermes, Manual of religion; (in German,) 5th ed. improved; Berlin 1797. 8vo.-To quiet my soul, what must I believe? what can I expect, among the complicated opinions of the learned ?-answered by a feeble old man, on the borders of the grave (J. Fr. Jacobi); (in German,) Hanov. 1790.-Result of my more than 50 year's reflection on the doctrine of Christ; (in German, by Dan. Hen. Purgold,) ed. 2. Lips. 1788.Jo. Jac. Griesbach's Introduction to the study of popular dogmatics; (in German,) Jena 1779. ed. 4. 1789.A. H. Niemeier's Popular and practical theology; (in German,) Halle 1792. ed. 5. 1806.-Ejusd. Letters to christian Ministers; (in German,) ed. 2. 1803.

SEC. 166. Influence of the Kantean philosophy. History of it. (Flügge,) Essay of a historic and critical representation of the effects of the Kantean philosophy, thus far, on all the branches of scientific and practical theology; (in German,) Hanov. 1796-98. II vol. 8vo. The state of dogmatics, in the Lutheran church, since the time of Morus; (in German,) by Aug. Bas. Manitius ; Witemb. 1806. 8vo.

The Kantean philosphy, which shook the foundations of the previous religious systems, and aimed to establish faith in supersensible things, directly on practical reason; was commended, by many divines, as the surest means of securing the christian doctrines, against the assaults of unbelief, and the mazes of superstition. But it was soon felt, that its union with christianity, was compulsory. Biblical theology, however, was not neglected; and greater attention than ever, was paid to the history and literature of theology. The great dissimilarity in the first principles, assumed by the theologians, became more and more visible. Some divines endeavored, to defend the leading points of the old theology. Othors followed an eclectic rationalism; to which they either accommodated the doctrines of the bible, or they exhibited the latter, along with the principles of the former, without concealing the discordance between them. The philosophy of Schelling also, which identified the creation with the Creator, was applied to the erection of new systems of dogmatics. The changes in the German theology, likewise, produced some influence on the churches of Holland.

Notices. Religion within the boundaries of pure reason; (in German,) by Imman. Kant; Konigsb. 1794.C. Fr. Stäudlin's Thoughts for a critique upon the system of the christian religion; (German,) Got. 1791. 8vo. On the value of the critical philosophy, especially in a religious and moral view, and the use and abuse of it, in the theological sciences; (German,) in Stäudlin's Contributions to the history and philosophy of religion; vol. III, IV, V.—J, Henr. Tieftrunk, Estimate of the