own private. And most certain the gaining themselves every four shillings once paid will better your revenue for ever after at least five pounds.”—Ib., ii. 41.

"It is plain, indeed, that the opinion delivered by the judges, declaring the lawfulness of the assignment for the shipping is the greatest service that profession have done the crown in my time. But unless his majesty hath the like power declared to raise a land army upon the same exigent of State, the crown seems to me to stand upon one leg at home, to be considerable but by halves to foreign princes abroad. Yet sure this me thinks convinces a power for the sovereign to raise payments for land forces, . . . . and if by degrees Scotland and Ireland be drawn to contribute their proportions to these levies for the public, omne tulit punctum... this piece well fortified for ever vindicates the royalty at home from under the restraints of subjects. settles an authority and right in the crown to levies of that nature, which thread draws after it many huge and great advantages more proper to be thought on at some other seasons than now."-Ib., ii. 62.

A description of Wentworth, written by Sir Thomas Roe to Elizabeth, wife of the Elector Palatine.

"My Lord Deputy of Ireland doth great wonders and governs like a king, and hath taught that kingdom to show an example of envy by having Parliaments and knowing wisely how to use them; for they have given the king six subsidies, which will arise to £24,000, and they are like to have the liberty we contended for, and grace from his Majesty worth their gift double ; and which is worth more, the honour of good intelligence and love between the king and his people, which I would to God our great wits had had eyes to see. This is a great service, and to give your Majesty a character of the man-he is severe abroad and in business, and sweet in private conversation; retired in his friendships, but very firm; a terrible judge, and a strong enemy; a servant violently zealous in his master's ends, and not negligent of his own; one that will have what he will, and though of great reason, he can make his will greater, when it may serve him; affecting glory by a seeming contempt; one that cannot stay long in the middle region of fortune, but entreprenant: but will either be the greatest man in England, or much less than he is; lastly, one that may--and his nature lies fit for it, for he

is ambitious to do what others will not-do your Majesty very great service, if you can make him."

Page 107.-The decision of the question was deferred by a vote, which was carried, that this declaration shall not be printed without a particular order of the House.'

Page 139.-"A feat repeated by their Breton brethren at La Vendée."-See Alison's History of Europe, iii. 326, 342, 365.

Page 181.-Richard Symonds, a Royalist officer, and Sir Edward Walker, Garter-king at arms, both of whom were with the royal army, give the following account of the storming of Leicester:

On Thursday (29th May), the royal army sat down before the city. On Friday (30th May), Rupert raised a battery and sent a trumpeter to demand surrender. No satisfactory answer being returned, he caused the battery to play, which by six o'clock made a great breach in the wall. Between twelve and two o'clock at night the town was stormed and taken. Symonds says the garrison was 600 men; Walker, that officers, soldiers, and townsmen in arms together amounted to 1200. Walker says the town was 'miserably sacked,' as do Symonds and Sprigge; but Sprigge's account of the siege lasting four days seems wrong.

Page 203.-Milton's sonnet.-Edwards wrote "Reason against Independence and Toleration" (1641).

Page 221.-Morrice, chaplain to Lord Broghill, tells the well-known story how Cromwell and Ireton, in the disguise of troopers, found a letter of the king's to the queen, concealed in a saddle. He heard the story from Lord Broghill, who had heard it from Cromwell. Morrice says that in the letter "the king acquainted the queen that he was courted by both factions, the Scotch Presbyterians and the army, and which bid fairest for him should have him; but he thought he should close with the Scots scorer than the other" (Morrice's Life of Broghill, prefixed to Orrery State Letters, 1743). The contents of the letter are usually taken from Richardson's account of a conversation he had with Lord Bolingbroke. "Lord Bolingbroke told us" [i.e., Pope and Richardson] (12th June, 1742), "that Lord Oxford had often told him that he had seen and had in his hand an original letter that Charles I. wrote to the queen, that she

might be entirely easy as to whatever concessions he should make, for that he should know in due time how to deal with the rogues' "[i.e., Cromwell and the others], "who, instead of a silken garter should be fitted with an hempen cord.'" Richardson merely says that those concerned awaited and intercepted the letter, without specifying persons or place. (Richardsoniana, by the late Jonathan Richardson, jun., 1776).

Page 242. Sigebehrt, King of Wessex, deposed (755) by his successor, Cenwulf, and the West Saxon Witan; Ethelred the Second (the Unready), deposed in favour of the invader, Swegen, (1013), and restored (1014). Harthacnut deposed from his West Saxon kingdom, while still uncrowned, because he insisted on remaining in Denmark (1037): afterwards re-elected to the whole kingdom of England (1040). See Freeman's Norman Conquest, i. p. 105, 358, 498.

Kemble's fifth canon is, 'The Witan had the power to depose the king, if his government was not conducted for the good of his people.'

Mr. Stubbs, however, limits the cases of real deposition to the Heptarchic period, a time of unexampled civil anarchy. The instances which he quotes in this period besides Sigebehrt of Wessex are among the Northumbrian kings. Alcred or Ealhred (774) deposed by the counsel and consent of his own people,' i.e., by the Witenagemot his predecessor, Ethelwald, deposed at Wincenheale, the meeting-place of the Northumbrian councils (765); Ethelred displaced 779, restored 790, and 'murdered six years later by equally competent authority.' The fall of Ethelred the Unready he distinguishes as the result of defeat, and notices that the action of the Witan was more concerned with his restoration than with his deposition.-Stubbs' Const. History, i. p. 138.

Pages 274, 275.—For an excellent account of the times, see Sir W. Scott's Fortunes of Nigel, chap. i., and for Alsatia, ib. xvi., xvii.

Page 338.-Copies of Letters of Intelligence, from MSS. in Bodleian.

"4th April, 1653, N.S. "It was debated in the House a fortnight ago whether we should

send an ambassador for Holland or no; they seemed much divided about it. . . . The same day the House debated this, the council of officers at St. James' had resolved to turn them out, and to have shut up the House doors, had not the general and Col. Desborough interceded, who asked them if they destroyed that Parliament, what they should call themselves, a State they could not be. They answered that they would call a new Parliament. Then says the general, the Parliament is not the supreme power, but that is the supreme power that calls it, and besides the House is now endeavouring a treaty with Holland (which is the only way that we have left for the destroying of the combination of our enemies, both at home and beyond sea), and if we destroy them, neither Holland nor any other State will enter into a treaty with us. This seemed to satisfy them at present, but they have met since, and are framing a petition." "May, 1653.

"I will not trouble you with the names of our new Council of State, nor with the proclamation subscribed by the general, because they are in print. The people generally entertain and acquiesce in it, yet in the army are some divisions about it, and there is a party which menace a second purgation because some persons have been refused to sit at the helm whom they propounded. Our general is very sedulous to give satisfaction to all parties, and after he hath made a peace with Holland (which, if once they treat we doubt not of), he will cement all other differences. He is very kind to the old malignant party, and some have found much more favour since the late dissolution than in seven years' solicitation before. This hath been effected by the Court of Articles, where the honour of the army is much concerned. Mr. Bradshaw is president, who checked a councillor at that bar for saying the Parliament was dissolved, which many of the members will not acknowledge, terming it only a disturbance."

Page 290.-"Copperspath" (i.e. Cobburn's-path) is Cromwell's version of the Scotch Cockburn's-path.

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Army, remodelled, 178, 214, 217, 220, Casaubon, Meric, 340

Assembly, of Divines, 150, 154, 195, 203; Chambers, 59, 86