brown until we reach the Tschouktch, who link on to the Esquimaux, these most probably of Asiatic origin. A brown (but it was not a copper-coloured people) might have got to the New World, say by Behring's Straits, but we have not found any remnant of a brown or Asiatic race in the New World, or any other remains, save those of the New World man. I may mention, that at the period of the discovery of America by Columbus, the following was about the form of government existing there.

North America was composed of Confederacies, say republican oligarchies; the Natchez, with a theocratic element added. Mexico and Central America, principally theocratic monarchies. Bogotá had a monarchy, and a pontiff ruling his own state. Quito, under the Scyris, a monarchy. Peru, a theocratic and monarchical arrangement. In the West Indies, Amazonia, Brazil, the Pampas, Patagonia, and Arauco; the populations were tribal, and under chiefs.

With regard to the antiquity of man in the New World, we have first to notice the probably recent fossil-men of Guadaloupe in the West Indies. Ancient human remains have been met with in the coral reefs of Florida. Lyell says, "If I was right in calculating that the present delta of the Mississippi has required, as a minimum of time, more than one hundred thousand years for its growth, it would follow, if the claims of the Natchez man (found buried under four cypress forests) to have coexisted with the mastodon in North America are admitted, that North America was peopled more than thousands of centuries ago by the human race." Dr. Lund found human skeletons in the caves of Brazil, with fossil bones of animals, the appearances of which induced him to believe that the Indian had existed during a vast lapse of time in South America. Darwin observes, that "we must admit that man has inhabited South America for an immensely long period, inasmuch as any change in climate, effected by the elevation of the land, must have been extremely gradual."

In a paper of mine in the Ethnological Society's Transactions for 1863, alluded to in the Ecuador section, I gave an account of some ancient pottery lately sent to me from the

north coast of Ecuador, with the information that it had been submerged, for an unknown time, under the sea, and then the land there brought to the surface again. This pottery is in the British Museum. We may as well make up our minds to the view that we know nothing, even approximately, how long humanity has existed on our planet. Amongst unbiblical writers of the present day, a margin is given from 35,000 to 9,000,000 years.

Some years since, having collected and examined materials concerning the history of America, particularly as to the architecture of ancient Mexico, Central America, New Granada, and Peru, the languages spoken there, the arts, and allow me to say science, I first came to the conclusion that, in the regions above mentioned, the nations occupying portions, each showed a civilisation of its own; and that other localities in those lands supported tribes, and even nations, as mere hunters in the wilderness. This interesting branch of study shadowed forth to me that the Red Man, of the New World, showed that he was rather a distinct species, or creation, when compared with the white man of Europe, the brown of India, the black of Africa, and other groups of men. However, as we are early taught by historians, theologians, and writers on natural history, the absolute propriety of a belief in the unity arangement in regard to mankind, it required some courage even to ponder on a plurality of origins.

With regard to the natives of the New World, he has been well called the Red Man. If we investigate him, however cursorily, physically, mentally, and morally, we find that special laws govern him. He has his own climate, his own aliment; his own diseases, which he knows how to alleviate and cure; but let him contract any of the European maladies, the majority (especially smallpox) are fatal to him, even to the annihilation of whole nations. If we examine him by crania and its contents, we find, at least in the conformation of the brain as compared to the European, a marked difference. On this point I cannot do better than refer to Dr. Nott's researches in Types of Mankind, wherein are drawings of two casts from nature; one the brain of an American Indian; the other, the

brain of a European. In the Indian, the anterior lobe is small, and in the European it is large in proportion to the middle lobe. In the Indian, the posterior lobe is much smaller than in the European. In the American Indian, the cerebral convolutions on the anterior lobe and upper surface of the brain are smaller than in the European. Differences are also observed in the osteological characteristics when compared with the white man. As to the physiological, from what I have seen and have been able to collect in America,-the more particularly as regards the mixture of the European with the Indian giving rise to the Mestizo, the European with the Negress forming the Mulatto, and the mixture of the Negro and Indian forming the Zambo, and their breeding in and in,-the result does not appear to me to be of a prolific nature, or satisfactory either physically, mentally, or morally.

In early times this was attributed, in regard to the native women of America, to "an original defect of organisation, or some mysterious cause." There is no defect or mystery when we have to treat of the white, brown, red, black, and other great groups of mankind; but it is when they mix one with. the other, giving rise, as I conceive, to more varieties, that the said defect or defects show themselves; and it is mainly this state of things that would lead one to lay aside the monogenistic for the polygenistic view, and suppose that the white, brown, red, black, and may be, some other families of mankind, are original species; and that Mestizoes, Mulattoes, and Zamboes, are varieties, capable only for a limited time to be prolific, whilst the pure species would be as persistent as ever. Exact details of crania, the brain, skeleton, and especially the examination of the organs of generation, etc., of what I call species and varieties, must be left to the giants of physiological science, and that great differences will be found I have no doubt.

Paul Broca, Recherches sur l'Hybridité Animale, etc., Paris, 1860, p. 621, observes :-" Un des caractères de la race éthiopique réside dans la longueur du membre génital comparé à celui de la race caucasique. Cette dimension coïncide avec le longueur du canal utérine chez la femme éthiopienne, et l'une et l'autre ont leur cause dans la conformation du bassin chez le nègre.

"Or il résulte de cette disposition physique que l'union de l'homme caucasique avec la femme éthiopienne est facile et sans nul inconvénient pour cette dernière. Il n'en est pas de même de celle de l'éthiopien avec la femme caucasique; la femme souffre dans cet acte, le col de l'utérus est pressé contre le sacrum, de sorte que l'acte de la réproduction n'est pas seulement douloureux, il est plus souvent inféconde.”

But this is not all. As they are likely to be of different species or creations, so will there be differences in every particular; and it is this that prompts me to class humanity thus:

Genus.-Man.

Species.-White, yellow, brown, red, black, etc.

Races. As the white species gives its comparatively pure and mixed races, so will the other species.

Varieties or In-mixed Breeds.-As the White with Black, forming the Mulatto. White with Indian, forming the Mestizo. Indian with Negro, forming the Zambo; and thus, ad libitum, giving rise ultimately to unprolific sub-varieties.

If we look at the mental doings in the New World in regard to religion, language, numbers, pictorial writing, and even the invention of a hieroglyphic alphabet, also to the architectural, we find these peculiar to each of the several great nations; as also in their computation of time, and the beautiful invention of their various calendars and zodiacs. It has struck me that what we commonly call the semi-civilisation of the people of America, should rather be denominated their own civilisation.

I come now to a very serious question, namely, whether the Red Man could have gone much further in knowledge had he been left to himself, seeing that he has acquired so little of the civilisation of the white man? With such an impression, I classify humanity in the scale of intellectuality thus:- 1. White. 2. The Oriental. 3. The Red Man. 4. The Negro, etc.

I have only to add, that my humble inquiries into the subject of species and varieties lead me to abandon the unity, or monogenistic view, for the plurality or polygenistic, or that of separate creations.

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XI.-On the Psychical Characteristics of the English People. By L. OWEN PIKE, M.A., F.A.S.L.

CONTENTS.-Prefatory remarks.-Connexion between the Ancient Britons and Ancient Greeks.-Necessity for a good division and classification of Psychical Phenomena-That of Professor Bain the simplest, and therefore best adapted to our purpose.-The athletic character of the English; their extraordinary Will and Energy traceable to a pre-Teutonic rather than to a Teutonic source.-Manifestation of the same characteristics by the Ancient Greeks.-Wonder, the characteristic emotion of the Germans, not of the English. The sense of decency in England and abroad.—Patriotism in the English and in foreigners. Connexion of the Druidic Philosophy with Greek Philosophy. - Eloquence of Britons, Greeks, and English. Constructive Power in the Britons, Greeks, Germans, and English, as shown in mechanical skill and inventions; in the Drama, in Architecture, in Music, and in Painting.-The power of detecting hidden resemblances, and the power of retaining impressions, as shown especially in the Poetry, the Philosophy, and the Science of Greece, Germany, and England.-Certain moral characteristics corresponding to the intellectual characteristics.-General agreement of the Greek character with the English, and with what is known of the Ancient British character.

«Ἡ γλῶσσ ̓ ὀμώμοχ ̓ ἡ δὲ φρὴν ἀνώμοτος.”

EURIPIDES.

As some of the opinions here set forth are directly opposed to those which are commonly held, it may be well to state, by way of preface, that this paper is only a portion of a larger work, The English, and their Origin. In that work the historical evidence, the philological evidence, and the evidence of physical characteristics, are all discussed at some length. An attempt is there made to show that there is no historical evidence which can prove the English to be mainly of Teutonic origin; that the philological evidence can prove no more than a Teutonic influence, and cannot afford us the means of estimating the proportions of the different elements in our