historical circumstances seem to be different, for Damascus, Tyre, Philistia, (ix. 1—6,) Javan, (ix. 13,) Assyria, and Egypt, (x. 11,) are the enemies of Judah. The separation of the tribes is mentioned, (xi. 14, ix. 13, x. 6, 7;) the kingdom itself, (xi. 6, xiii. 7; comp. xii. 7, 8, 12;) idolatry and false prophets, (x. 2, sqq., xiii. 2, sqq.; but compare Nehemiah vi. 10-14;) and these do not belong to the time when Zechariah actually lived. Thus there seem sufficient grounds for denying that these chapters belong to Zechariah, and for referring them to some earlier prophet."

But, on the other hand, it must be said that these

[Doubts respecting the authenticity of the latter part of the book were first suggested, it is believed, by Mr. Mede, in his remarks on Matt. xxvii. 9, 10. He says, "It may seem the evangelists would inform us that these latter chapters, (ix. x. xi.,) ascribed to Zachary, are indeed the prophecies of Jeremy, and that the Jews had not rightly attributed them. Certainly, if a man weigh the contents of some of these, they should, of a likelihood, be of an elder date than the time of Zachary; namely, before the captivity, for the subjects of some of them were scarce in being after that time...... As for their being joined to the prophecies of Zachary, that proves no more they are his, than the like adjoining of Agur's proverbs to Solomon's, proves they are therefore Solomon's; or that all the psalms are David's, because joined in one volume with David's psalms.”]

J. Mede's Works, fol. ; Lond. 1678. He was followed by Joh. Bridge, Hammond, Rich, Kidder, (Demonstration of the Messiah,) Will. Whiston, Newcome, and Döderlein, who doubted the genuineness of these chapters, after making a regular investigation. See the literature in Köster, (1. c. p. 10, sqq.,) Flügge, J. D. Michaelis, Bauer, Eichhorn, (in 4th edition,) Corrodi, and Augusti, Bertholdt, De Wette, (in the first three editions of this Introduction,) Forberg, (l. c.) Rosenmüller, (2d ed. of his Schol. on Minor Proph.,) Hitzig, (in Studien und Kritiken for 1830, p. 25,) Credner, (Joel, p. 67.) The genuineness has been defended by Carpzov, (Crit. Sac. p. 808,) Berkhaus, (Integrität d. Proph. p. 337,) Jahn, (l. c. vol. ii. p. 675,) Rosenmüller, (1st ed.,) Köster, (l. c.,) and by Hengstenberg, (Beit. vol. i. p. 361, sqq.) [Blayney also attempted a defence of the genuineness in the preliminary discourse to his translation of Zechariah, p. xii., sq., and notes on chap. ix. p. 35, sqq. See, also, Hennell, Inquiry into the Origin of Christianity; Lond. 1841, p. 333, note. He refers ix.-xiv. to Jeremiah.]

chapters have some affinity with the former part in language and style," and also in the reference to other and sometimes quite late prophets." These circumstances show it could not have been written before the exile. It is clearly presupposed that the nation, and not merely the ten tribes, are in exile. (ix. 12, x. 6, 9, 10.) The

7777, for 777; xii. 7, 7; ix. 15. (Comp.

(Comp. Köster, p.

; xi. 8. Hard bomby Nby; xiv.

44.) Omission of

, for ; xiv. 10., for ; ix. 8. and often, as in Chronicles. ; xiii. 2, (iii. 4.) Ps. cxliv. 12.); x. 1, (Job xxviii. 26, xxxviii. 25.) constructions: 172; ix. 1. pan 777en; ix. 12. 18., perhaps cas. absol.; x. 11. ; ix. 12. (Comp. viii. 23.); ix. 8, vi. 14. (Comp. Ex. xxxii. 27, Ez. xxxv. 7.) For the formula, " Ye shall know that Jehovah of hosts hath sent me," which occurs in ii. 9, 11, iv. 8, vi. 15, a corresponding expression occurs but once, (xi. 11,) they "knew it was the word of Jehovah." The formula, "God said," is more rare. (x. 12, xi. 6, xii. 4, xiii. 2, 7, 8, ix. 9.) "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem!" &c., is similar to ii. 14, (10 in our version and Noyes,) "Sing and rejoice, O daughter of Zion!" [The phrase, "Jehovah of hosts," occurs but 7 times in the latter, and 41 in the former portion.] The prolixity of xii. 10—14, and xiv. 15, reminds one of viii. 19; but comp. vii. 5. [The resemblance is much less striking than with many passages of more ancient prophets; e. g. Jer. xxxi. 9, vi. 26, Amos viii. 8—12. It would perhaps be difficult to equal the prolixity of i. 2-6,-to mention but a single instance, — with any passage in the second part.] The parallelism of many members (ix. 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, xii. 4, et al.) reminds us of vi. 13, and both belong to the taste of later times. [But examples of this kind of parallelism are common even in so old a writer as Hosea, or Joel; e. g. Joel ii. 6, 9, 10, 20, Hos. ii. 14, iv. 3, v. 1, &c.] The symbol in xi. 4, sqq., is equally obscure with any symbol in the first part of the book, and in general much in this part is obscure.

Chap. ix. 5, comp. Zeph. ii. 4; ix. 10, comp. Ps. lxxii. 8, Mich. v. 9; ix. 13, comp. Joel iv. 6; ix. 12, comp. Isa. xl. 2; x. 3, comp. Ez. xxxiv. 17; xi. 3, comp. Jer. xii. 5, xlix. 19; xi. 6, comp. Jer. 1. 7 ; xi. 16, comp. Ez. xxxiv. 4; xii. 1, comp. Isa. xliv. 24, li. 13; xiii. 2, comp. Hos. ii. 19; xiii. 8, sq., comp. Ez. v. 12; xiii. 9, comp. Hos. ii. 25; xiv. 5, comp. Deut. xxxiii. 3; xiv. 8, comp. Joel iv. 18, Ez. xlvii. 1, sqq.; xiv. 16, comp. Isa. lxvi. 23. [This proves nothing, for the references to old prophets are rare in the first part of the book. See above.]

It is not a future, but a present thing. appears from vii. 14.

is in the past time, as it

Levitical spirit, (xiv. 16, 20,) and the fantastic expectations, agree with the times after the exile.

There are also some other marks which point to this period."

Now, since it is not possible to combine all the allusions to the time into one point, and make them all harmonize with the condition of the land at any one period of its history,' therefore it may be the most ad

a

• Uzziah, king of Judah, is mentioned, xiv. 5; but comp. Jer. xxvi. 18, 19. [The inference the author would draw from this mention of Uzziah is probably this: If the oracle were written before the exile, the time of Uzziah would not be referred to as time long past, nor would it have been added that he was king of Judah. Uzziah came to the throne about 811 B. C., while the exile commenced 588. But in Jeremiah, (l. c.,) the days of Hezekiah, king of Judah, are referred to, and in Haggai, his contemporary Zerubbabel is called "the son of Shealtiel, the governor of Judah."] The former gate (1) is mentioned, xiv. 10 -as the old gate is mentioned, Neh. iii. 6. A drought is alluded to, x. 1, which also is mentioned in viii. 10, sqq., and in Hag. i. 6, 10, sqq.; and the jealousy between Judah and Jerusalem, alluded to in xii. 7, seems to have been caused by the state of affairs at that time. The addition of the term "oracle" () to the "word of Jehovah," (77,) ix. 1, which also occurs in Mal. i. 1, seems to be caused by Jer. xxiii. 33, sqq., where the same word occurs. Hadrach is probably a mystical name for Persia. Chap. x. 4, seems to imply that Judah was not warlike at that time. Jahn, Append. Hermeneut. vol. i. p. 175. Köster, p. 77.

Newcome separates ix.—xi. from xii.-xiv. The former he places before the overthrow of the kingdom of Israel, and the latter after Josiah, and before the destruction of Jerusalem. Flügge divides it into nine sections, which he ascribes to different authors and ages, and refers chap. ix. to that Zechariah who is mentioned in 2 Ch. xxvi. 5. Bertholdt places ix. x. in the time of Ahaz; xi. a little earlier; xii. 1–xiii. 6, under one of the last kings of Judah; xiii. 7-xiv. 21, and the first two passages, he refers to the Zechariah mentioned in Isa. viii. 2. The author of this Introduction took a view slightly different in the three first editions. Hitzig once placed the whole in the time of Uzziah,- but is now compelled to place it after that time, and Credner puts it in that of Ahaz. [But in the passages, xiv. 5, (x. 6, ?) ix. 9, where a personal Messiah is mentioned, the style, language, and expression, and in particular the acquaintance with later writers, show it must not be referred to the time of Uzziah.]

Knobel (p. 172) places ix.-xi. about 770-740 B. C., and xii.-xiv. he ascribes to a different author, (p. 280, sqq.,) for he finds a difference in style,

visable to suppose that these parts, which seem to belong to an earlier period, were written with reference to the future, and that the form of a prediction was adopted in part. This view agrees well with the unconnected, inconsistent, and obscure character of these prophecies."

viz.

;

xii. 1, 4, xiii. 2, 7, 8;

"All nations,” “all xiv. 2, 12, 14, 16, "The house of

; xii. 3, 9, xiii. 2—4, 8, xiv. 6, 8, 14, 16, 21. ; xii. 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, xiii. 1, 2, 4, xiv. 8, 9, 13, 20, 21. 7 (but the 2d occurs in ix. 16; the 3d only x. 12, xi. 16.) nations around," "all nations of the earth;” xii. 2, 3, 6, 9, 19. The inhabitants of Jerusalem;" xii. 5, 7, 8, 10, xiii. 1. David ;” xii. 7, 8, 10, 12, xiii. 1. Family for people; xiv. 17, 18. dotal and Mosaic words,, xiii. 1; 7, xii. 6. Saints, i. e. angels; XIV. 5. The scriptio plena; xii. 7, 8, 10, 12, xiii. 1.

The sacer

Hitzig thinks the style of these chapters more uniform and dull; he explains this by their composition at a period somewhat later, and reminds us of the affinity of ix. 7, and xii. 5, 6, (governors in Judah;) ix. 15, xii. 8, 1; x. 5, xii. 4, (riders upon horses.) He compares xii. 8, and x. 7, 5 (?); xiii. 7, and ix. 16, sq.; xiv. 17, and x. 1; and appeals to the similar use that is made of Joel.

The supposition that both houses of Israel are rejected and dispersed, (x. 6, sqq.,) and the idea of a Messiah, (ix. 9,) which has become positive, are not in favor of the times of Uzziah, Jotham, and Ahaz. Knobel erroneously finds a special hatred of Egypt in xiv. 18, sqq.; but there is no definite historical relation with foreign nations at the bottom of xii.-xiv. Something seems to waver before the prophet's mind, like the campaign of Gog, in Ezek. xxxviii. However, not only xiv. 4, sqq., but the whole, is fantastic.

"In this manner we can explain the reference to political affairs. (ix. 1— 6, 13, x. 11.) Zechariah would not wish to prophesy against Persia, at least not publicly. (See vi. 8, and Hag. ii. 22.) Therefore he transferred himself to an earlier time, and then directed his predictions to the future. The expressions, ix. 13, x. 6, sqq., are archaisms, and are based on the expected restoration of the nation, as also is x. 10, where Gilead and Lebanon are put for the extreme limits of the land; xi. 6, and xiii. 7, belong to the future. It seems that he expected tyrants, or false Messiahs, to precede the Messianic kingdom. The house of David is mentioned in connection with the Messiah, (xii. 7, 12.) Chap. x. 2, and xii. 2, may have been designed as warnings for the future, or for the present time; for it seems, from Neh. vi. 10—14, they were needed, and who knows that idolatry had not at that time secret supporters? I cannot, with Köster, (p. 166, sq.,) understand xiii. 2 -6, as applying to the extirpation of the prophecy. Every thing is indeed taken from fancy; but this was conformable to the spirit of the later prophets. [See Knobel's arguments against the passage, l. c. § 18, 25.]

XII. MALACHI.“

§ 251.

b

We know nothing of the person of Malachi. [Origen supposed he was an angel incarnate; and in this opinion he has been followed by many, both ancient and modern. Others think the name Malachi is only a title of Ezra, and that he is the author of these oracles.] He prophesied, it is probable, in the time of Nehemiah. Vitringa and Bertholdt place him in the time of Nehemiah's second coming to Jerusalem. He seems to have aided Nehemiah in his efforts to induce the people to repudiate "the outlandish women" they had married, and to give the tithes to the Levites, and offerings to the Lord. Compare ii. 10-16, with Neh. xiii. 23, sqq., and iii. 7-12, with xiii. 10.

Dav. Chytræi Explic. Malach. Proph.; Rost. 1568, Opp. ii. p. 455. J. Jac. Grynai Hypomnemata in Malach.; Genev. 1582, 8vo.; Bas. 1583, 1612, 4to.

Sam. Bohli Malach. Proph. cum Commentariis Rabbinorum, Disputationibus Ebr. et Explicatione; Rost. 1637, 4to.

J. H. Ursini Comment. in Malach.; Frcf. 1652.

Sal. van Til, Malach. illustratus; Lug. Bat. 1701, 4to.

Joa. Wesselii Malachias enucleatus; Lubec. 1729, 4to.

Malachie Proph. c. Targum Jonath. et Radaki, Raschii et Aben Esræ Commentariis Interpretatio a J. Chr. Hebenstreit (xvii. Diss. et Progr.;) Lips. 1731-1746, 4to.

H. Venem. Comment. ad Librum Malach.; Leov. 1759, 4to.

C. F. Bahrdt, Comment. in Malachiam c. Examine crit. Verss. Vet. et Lectionum var. Hubigantii; accedit Spec. Bibliorum polygl.; Lips. 1768. J. M. Faber, Comm. in Malach. Proph.; Onold. 1779, 4to.

Jonathan Ben Uzzie! (ad Mal. i. 1) says, Malachi, whose name is called Ezra the scribe; and Jerome (1. c.) thinks he was the same person. (See, also, § 246, sup.) The LXX. translate the title of the book, uua kózov κυρίου ἐπὶ τὸν ̓Ισραὴλ ἐν χειρὶ ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ. See other trifing speculations in Carpzov, 1. c. p. 454, sqq.

Vitringa, Ob. sac. L. vi. p. 331, sqq.; Typ. Doctr. prophet. p. 42. Carp-
VOL. II.

61